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Lists about common and uncommon developmental and mental disorders, conditions, and syndromes and the people who live with them.

Human Body

Mental illness is sometimes obvious and easily diagnosed, but in rare cases, psychological and neurological disorders are so strange that they're almost unbelievable. The brain is a staggeringly complex organ capable of surprises that science can't explain even after centuries of study. Some mental disorders strike such a tiny fraction of the population that there's virtually no research available, meaning neither their cause nor their cure are known.These rare mental illnesses can be so singular and perplexing that they weren't even accepted as legitimate disorders until recently. Some change the way language is used and perceived. Other unusual disorders do the same to vision or motor skills. And some are so bizarre that they alter a patient's accent or make them believe they're an entirely different species. Sufferers of these illnesses can lose control of their limbs, see afterimages everywhere, think their loved ones are imposters, and - in one inexplicable case - are made violently ill by the sound of one TV news anchor's voice.This list of the weirdest mental disorders takes you on a tour of the strange side of psychiatric science with some of the rarest and least-understood mental disorders that have ever afflicted humans. These brain disorders are so unique that you may never have heard of them and may even not believe them at first, but all of these diseases are totally real.

Celebrity Facts

List of famous people with Aspergers syndrome ranked by fame and popularity. Aspergers syndrome is a disorder that falls on the autism spectrum. Symptoms include difficulties in social interactions, repetitive patterns, and lacking nonverbal communication skills. The cause of Aspergers is unknown, and the primary treatment involves behavioral therapy.Who is the most famous person with Asperger's syndrome? Michael Jackson tops our list. Though it has not been confirmed that he was officially diagnosed with Asperger's, he&nbsp;did show many of the traits associated with the disorder. Jackson had trouble interacting socially with people his own age, and he had many eccentric traits. Some <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/republican-musicians-and-singers-conservative-bands-/famous-conservatives?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">musicians and singers</a> who have officially been diagnosed with Asperger's include James Taylor, Adam Young of Owl City, Craig Nicholls of The Vines, Travis Meeks of Days of the New, and “Cars” singer Gary Numan.“Saturday Night Live” veteran Dan Aykroyd has been diagnosed with a mild form of Asperger's. Aykroyd believes that his Asperger's helped him create some of his most famous on-screen characters. Other Hollywood A-listers who are suspected of having Asperger's include Woody Allen, Alfred Hitchcock, Robin Williams, and Tim Burton.Featuring successful actors, Hollywood celebs, and more, this list of celebrity autistic people includes Daryl Hannah, Andy Kaufman, and more.&nbsp;What do you think of the famous people who have been diagnosed or demonstrate the traits of Aspergers? Share your thoughts about this disease or people affected by disorders&nbsp;in the comments section.&nbsp;

List of Famous People with Autism ranked by fame and popularity. Autism is a disorder in which symptoms include impaired social interaction, delayed or disrupted verbal and non-verbal communication and repetitive behavior. Autism can be caused through genetics or by agents that cause birth defects. As of 2012, The Centers for Disease Control report that 20 per 1,000 children in the United States are diagnosed with autism.Who is the most famous person with autism? Albert Einstein tops our list. Einstein is amongst a list of historical figures who are suspected to have had autism. Autism wasn't classified as a disorder until the 1940s. Einstein is thought to have had autism because he experienced language delays and educational slowness. Other historical figures who are thought to have had autism include Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton and Mozart.Hole front woman Courtney Love was diagnosed with a mild case of autism as a child. Daryl Hannah has struggled with autism all her life and she says that the disorder made her “terrified of fame.” Author Temple Grandin is one of the most famous women with autism. Grandin works tirelessly for the causes of animal rights and autistic rights.What do you think of all of the famous people who have been diagnosed with autism? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous People with Tourette's Syndrome, loosely ranked by fame and popularity. Tourette's syndrome is a disorder identified by physical and vocal tics. ADHD and OCD are typically present in individuals with Tourette's syndrome. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to enhance the symptoms of Tourette syndrome.Who is the most famous person with Tourette's syndrome? Soccer star David Beckham tops our list. Beckham suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder which is related to Tourette's syndrome. Beckham's condition manifests itself as constant hand washing and a need for order and cleanliness. Other athletes with mild to severe Tourette's syndrome include Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, Tim Howard and Jim Eisenreich.“Blues Brothers” actor Dan Aykroyd suffers from a mild form of Tourette's syndrome. He treated his condition with therapy when he was a child. Aykroyd has also been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Jazz pianist Michael Wolff was diagnosed with Tourette's syndrome and he is on the Board of Directors of the Tourette Syndrome Association. Other famous people with Tourette's syndrome include Howard Hughes, “Deal or No Deal” host Howie Mandel and Dash Mihok.Do you think it would be difficult to be an actor with Tourette's syndrome? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous People with Dyslexia ranked by fame and popularity. Dyslexia is a disorder that effects one's ability to read and recognize symbols despite having normal intelligence. Dyslexia is the most commonly recognized reading disorder and it effects millions of people around the world. There is no cure for dyslexia, but it can be managed by reducing stress and anxiety while implementing additional educational support.Who is the most famous person with dyslexia? Tom Cruise tops our list. The “Mission Impossible” star says that when he graduated high school he was a “functioning illiterate.” Cruise says that he finally learned to read through Study Technology, a method developed by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard. Many successful Hollywood actors are also dyslexics including Orlando Bloom, Keanu Reeves and Sir Anthony Hopkins.Steven Spielberg says that his dyslexia made him feel like an outsider and drove him to make movies because he felt inside his own skill set. Chef Jamie Oliver struggled with dyslexia his whole life and at age 38 he read his first book. Which book did Oliver choose? He couldn't wait for the “Hunger Games” sequel to be released, so Oliver read “Catching Fire” to see what happens next.Do you think that dyslexia guided these famous people into their creative careers? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

This list contains information about celebrities who have autistic children, loosely ranked by fame and popularity. Autism is a neurological disorder that effects information processing in the brain. Several famous actors, comedians, and athletes have children with autism. One famous singer thought that giving her son autism was God's way of punishing her.Who is the most famous person with a child <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-with-autism/celebrity-lists?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">who has autism</a>? Sylvester Stallone tops our list. Stallone's son, Seargeoh (born 1979), was diagnosed with autism at age three. In an interview from the early 1980s Stallone said, &quot;You can’t force him into your world. I sort of go along with whatever he is doing.&quot; Dan Marino's son, Michael (born 1988), was diagnosed with autism when he was two years old. Marino says, &quot;It's extremely important that people recognize that with the right proper care, and the proper therapies, that kids can definitely get better and have a great life.&quot;Toni Braxton's son, Diezel (born 2003), was diagnosed with autism in 2006. For some time, Braxton believed that her son's autism was God's way of punishing her for having an abortion in 2001. She later said, &quot;When my youngest son was diagnosed with autism I feared that I was being punished for my earlier actions. I have since realized that my son is special and learns in a different way.&quot;Do you think that vaccinations play a role in the development of autism? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

Medicine

Approximately <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0327-autism-spectrum-disorder.html" target="_blank">one in every 68 children</a> has autism. <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-historical-figures-who-may-have-been-autistic/katherine-ripley" target="_blank">Despite its prevalence</a>, the condition remains greatly misunderstood, and as a result, there are countless things misconceptions about autism. These incorrect assumptions come&nbsp;less from ignorance and more from a lack of education about the condition, as well as a <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/celebrities-with-autistic-children/celebrity-lists" target="_blank">dearth of inaccurate representations</a>&nbsp;in movies and television shows.

Many of the common misconceptions about autism, however, can be righted by some basic facts: it&#39;s a developmental disorder that can have a wide-ranging impact on an individual&#39;s body and mind, from speech and language skills to social aptitude, from learning abilities to behavioral issues. It is a highly individualized condition that manifests differently in different people&mdash;there is no one, single, definitive idea of what autism looks like. It&#39;s important to dispel&nbsp;the myths that prevent the world from truly understanding those who struggle with this condition.&nbsp;

Here are some common misconceptions about autism debunked.

History

Is autism a condition that only developed recently through some change in our environment? Or is it a condition that has been around for a long time, but scientists only began studying, defining, and diagnosing it relatively recently?&nbsp;Many psychologists and historians believe it’s the latter - and that there are several <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-with-autism/celebrity-lists">historical figures who might have been autistic</a>.In fact, close studies of the writings and behavior of several historical figures - like Albert Einstein and Thomas Jefferson - reveal that they may have had an autism spectrum disorder. Because autism is a spectrum and our understanding of it is still evolving, it's nearly impossible to pin down which type <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/historical-figures-we-most-want-to-bring-back-from-the-dead/alexf?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">a historical figure</a> may have had. Asperger syndrome (AS, or Asperger's) and high-functioning autism (HSA, or autism without intellectual disability) are two mild forms that share many of the same symptoms, so much so that some psychologists believe they are actually the same disorder.The <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3676-einstein-and-newton-showed-signs-of-autism">three main symptoms</a> of Asperger syndrome&nbsp;are obsessive interests, struggles with social relationships, and problems communicating. Other signs of&nbsp;Asperger's&nbsp;include adherence to a rigid worldview and routine, difficulty understanding social niceties, heightened senses or sensory disorders, extreme emotional outbursts, and a tendency to retreat into one's own world. People with HFA also experience many of these same difficulties. So wherever these historical figures fall on the spectrum, they all have some autistic qualities.Now that we know some common symptoms, let's take a look at some historical figures who may have had autism.

While a character like Max Braverman from Parenthood was officially diagnosed with <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-with-aspergers-syndrome/celebrity-lists" target="_blank">Asperger’s syndrome, </a>as part of a storyline on the drama, most TV characters who are probably autistic have not been recognized. Over the past ten years or so, there have been several TV shows that depict autism or have&nbsp;characters with Asperger's. Some of these fictional characters on the spectrum will seem pretty obvious, while others may surprise you.Some of the <a href="https://www.autismspeaks.org/" target="_blank">defining characteristics of Asperger’s</a> include: obsession with odd things or unusual topics, limited social ability, the need for a set routine, robotic speech, an inability to make eye contact, awkward mannerisms, the inability to pick up on social cues, and the inability to detect sarcasm. Different people who are on the spectrum will display different traits. Do any of these symptoms remind you of your favorite television character?Is it weird that Abed from Community uses his insane knowledge of pop culture as a means to communicate? Is it odd that Crazy Eyes from Orange is the New Black nearly loses her mind during the prison riot because her daily routine gets totally out of whack? Ever wonder why Sherlock Holmes does not have any friends?Check out these fascinating TV characters on the spectrum. While it’s true that their creators may not have officially announced their diagnosis, there’s at least enough evidence to make a strong case. Did we miss any of your <a href="http://www.ranker.com/crowdranked-list/greatest-tv-characters-of-all-time" target="_blank">favorite fictional characters </a>on the spectrum? Let us know in the comments section.&nbsp;

Disorders and Syndromes

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Diseases / Medical Conditions

Neurological diseases affect a sizable portion of people in the US. Those suffering from brain &amp; neurological diseases can have symptoms ranging from seizures and physical affects to erratic behavior and mood swings. Many brain disorders are genetic, while a small number can be brought on by environmental factors. Disorders of all types are addressed in this detailed brain diseases list. Treatment for brain disorders and neuro diseases can range from radiation therapy, medications to even surgery, depending on what rare brain disease the patient is affected by. What conditions affect the brain? To see some disorders that can affect the brain see the <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/list-of-central-nervous-system-diseases-and-nerve-disorders/diseases-and-medications-info">nerve disorders</a> page. Your brain relies on your circulatory system for oxygen so check out these <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/list-of-diseases-affecting-the-circulatory-system/diseases-and-medications-info">diseases of the circulatory system</a> and see a doctor if you think you may be sick.&nbsp;All brain diseases <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/apu-should-be-taken-off-the-simpsons/anncasano?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">should be taken</a> seriously, so if you recognize symptoms after consulting this neurological disorders list, please contact a licensed professional immediately. &nbsp;

Brain Diseases | List of Neurological Disorders 

Brain Diseases: List of Neurological Disorders 

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Abarognosis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare autoimmune disease marked by widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. ADEM typically damages myelin, causing destruction of white matter. It is often triggered following a viral infection or vaccination.
ADEM's symptoms are similar to multiple sclerosis and is considered part of the multiple sclerosis borderline diseases. ADEM has several differentiating features from MS. Unlike MS, ADEM occurs usually in children and is marked with rapid fever. ADEM consists of a single episode whereas MS is marked with several episodes over a long period of time. ADEM is also distinguished by a loss of consciousness.
The incidence rate is about 8 per 1,000,000 people per year. Although it occurs in all ages, most reported cases are in children and adolescents, with the average age around 5 to 8 years old. The mortality rate may be as high as 5%; however, full recovery is seen in 50 to 75% of cases with increase in survival rates up to 70 to 90% with figures including minor residual disability as well. The average time to recover is one to six months.

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid beta oxidation which results in the accumulation of very-long chain fatty acids in tissues throughout the body. The most severely affected tissues are the myelin in the central nervous system, the adrenal cortex and the Leydig cells in the testes. Clinically, ALD is a heterogenous disorder, presenting with several distinct phenotypes, and no clear pattern of genotype-phenotype correlation. As an X-linked disorder, ALD presents most commonly in males, however approximately 50% of heterozygote females show some symptoms later in life. Approximately two-thirds of ALD patients will present with the childhood cerebral form of the disease, which is the most severe form. It is characterized by normal development in early childhood, followed by rapid degeneration to a vegetative state. The other forms of ALD vary in terms of onset and clinical severity, ranging from adrenal insufficiency to progressive paraparesis in early adulthood.

Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum

Agnosia

Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream. Agnosia only affects a single modality, such as vision or hearing.

Aicardi syndrome

Aicardi syndrome is a rare genetic malformation syndrome characterized by the partial or complete absence of a key structure in the brain called the corpus callosum, the presence of retinal abnormalities, and seizures in the form of infantile spasms. Aicardi syndrome is theorized to be caused by a defect on the X chromosome as it has thus far only been observed in girls or in boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Confirmation of this theory awaits the discovery of the gene which causes Aicardi syndrome. Symptoms typically appear before a baby reaches about 5 months of age.

Alexander disease

Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. It is a rare genetic disorder and mostly affects infants and children, causing developmental delay and changes in physical characteristics.

Alien hand syndrome

Alien hand syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes hand movement without the person being aware of what is happening or having control over the action. The afflicted person may sometimes reach for objects and manipulate them without wanting to do so, even to the point of having to use the healthy hand to restrain the alien hand.
Alien hand syndrome is best documented in cases where a person has had the two hemispheres of their brain surgically separated, a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epilepsy. It also occurs in some cases after brain surgery, stroke, infection, tumor, aneurysm and specific degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Other areas of the brain that are associated with alien hand syndrome are the frontal, occipital and parietal lobes.
The first known case described in the medical literature appeared in a detailed case report published in German in 1908 by the preeminent German neuro-psychiatrist, Kurt Goldstein.

Allochiria

Alpers' Disease

Alpers' disease

Alpers' disease, also called Alpers' syndrome, progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy, and progressive infantile poliodystrophy, is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs mostly in infants and children. It is an autosomal recessive disorder meaning two copies of the defective gene is required for active disease, a single copy conveys carrier status. Alpers' disease is caused by certain genetic mutations in the POLG gene.

Alternating Hemiplegia

Alternating hemiplegia

Alternating hemiplegia refers to a form of hemiplegia that has an ipsilateral and contralateral presentation in different parts of the body. The disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis on one side of the body. There are multiple forms of alternating hemiplegia, Weber's syndrome, Middle Alternating Hemiplegia, and Inferior Alternating Hemiplegia. This type of syndrome can result from a unilateral lesion in the brainstem affecting both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons. The muscles that would receive signals from these damaged upper motor neurons result in spastic paralysis. With a lesion in the brainstem, this affects the majority of limb and trunk muscles on the contralateral side due to the upper motor neurons decussation after the brainstem. The cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei are also located in the brainstem making them susceptible to damage from a brainstem lesion. Cranial nerves III, VI, and XII are most often associated with this syndrome given their close proximity with the pyramidal tract, the location which upper motor neurons are in on their way to the spinal cord.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease and Charcot disease, is a specific disorder that involves the death of neurons. In the United Kingdom the term motor neurone disease is commonly used, while others use that term for a group of five conditions of which ALS is the most common. ALS is characterized by stiff muscles, muscle twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscle wasting. This results in difficulty speaking, swallowing, and eventually breathing.
The cause is not known in 90% to 95% of cases. About 5-10% of cases are inherited from a person's parents. About half of these genetic cases are due to one of two specific genes. It results in the death of the neurons that control voluntary muscles. The diagnosis is based on a person's signs and symptoms with testing done to rule out other potential causes.
There is no cure for ALS. A medication called riluzole may extend life expectancy by about two to three months. Non-invasive ventilation may result in both improved quality and length of life. The disease usually starts around the age of 60 and in inherited cases around the age of 50.

Anencephaly

Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. Strictly speaking, the Greek term translates as "no in-head", but it is accepted that children born with this disorder are in fact usually only lacking a telencephalon, the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres, including the neocortex, which is responsible for cognition. The remaining structure is usually covered only by a thin layer of membrane— skin, bone, meninges, etc. are all lacking. With very few exceptions, infants with this disorder do not survive longer than a few hours or possibly days after their birth.

Angelman syndrome

Angelman syndrome is a neuro-genetic disorder characterized by severe intellectual and developmental disability, sleep disturbance, seizures, jerky movements, frequent laughter or smiling, and usually a happy demeanor.
AS is a classic example of genomic imprinting in that it is caused by deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternally inherited chromosome 15 while the paternal copy, which may be of normal sequence, is imprinted and therefore silenced. The sister syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, is caused by a similar loss of paternally inherited genes and maternal imprinting.
AS is named after a British pediatrician, Harry Angelman, who first described the syndrome in 1965. An older, alternative term for AS, "happy puppet syndrome", is generally considered pejorative and stigmatizing so it is no longer the accepted term. People with AS are sometimes referred to as "angels", both because of the syndrome's name and because of their youthful, happy appearance.

Angiomatosis

Angiomatosis is a non-neoplastic condition presenting with little knots of capillaries in various organs. It consists of many angiomas. It is associated with Von Hippel-Lindau Disease and is a rare genetic multi system disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of tumours in the body. Symptoms may include headaches, problems with balance and walking, dizziness, weakness of the limbs, vision problems and high blood pressure. Prognosis depends on the size and location of the tumour, untreated angiomatosis may lead to blindness and/ or permanent brain damage. Death may occur, with complications in the kidney or brain.
These tend to be cavernous hemangiomas, which are sharply defined, sponge-like tumors composed of large, dilated, cavernous vascular spaces.
They often appear in:
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
Bacillary angiomatosis
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome

Anoxia

Aphasia

Aphasia is the name given to a collection of language disorders caused by damage to the brain. The word aphasia comes from the word ἀφασία aphasia, in Ancient Greek, which means "speechlessness", derived from ἄφατος aphatos, "speechless" from ἀ- a-, "not, un" and φημί phemi, "I speak". A requirement for a diagnosis of aphasia is that, prior to the illness or injury, the person's language skills were normal. The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write, but does not affect intelligence. This also affects visual language such as sign language. The term "aphasia" implies a problem with one or more functions that are essential and specific to language function. It is not usually used when the language problem is a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty, such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment.

Apraxia

Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain, in which someone has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked, provided that the request or command is understood and he/she is willing to perform the task. Apraxia is an acquired disorder of motor planning, but is not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or failure to comprehend simple commands. It is caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. Apraxia should not be confused with ataxia, a lack of coordination of movements; aphasia, an inability to produce and/or comprehend language; abulia, the lack of desire to carry out an action; or allochiria, in which patients perceive stimuli to one side of the body as occurring on the other. Developmental coordination disorder is the developmental disorder of motor planning.

Arachnoid cyst

Arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid covered by arachnoidal cells and collagen that may develop between the surface of the brain and the cranial base or on the arachnoid membrane, one of the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Arachnoid cysts are a congenital disorder, and most cases begin during infancy; however, onset may be delayed until adolescence.

Arachnoiditis

Arachnoiditis is inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes known as meninges that surround and protect the nerves of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid can become inflamed because of adverse reactions to chemicals, infection from bacteria or viruses, as the result of direct injury to the spine, chronic compression of spinal nerves, complications from spinal surgery or other invasive spinal procedures, or the accidental intrathecal injection of steroids intended for the epidural space. Inflammation can sometimes lead to the formation of scar tissue and adhesion that can make the spinal nerves "stick" together. This can be extremely painful, especially in last stage adhesive arachnoiditis.

Arnold–Chiari malformation

Chiari malformation, also known as Arnold–Chiari malformation, is a condition affecting the brain. It consists of a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, sometimes causing non-communicating hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid outflow. The cerebrospinal fluid outflow is caused by phase difference in outflow and influx of blood in the vasculature of the brain. It can cause headaches, fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, nausea, tinnitus, impaired coordination, and, in severe cases, paralysis.

Arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformation is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system, but can appear in any location. Although many AVMs are asymptomatic, they can cause intense pain or bleeding or lead to other serious medical problems.
AVMs are usually congenital and belong to the RASopathies. The genetic transmission patterns of AVM, if any, are unknown. AVM is not generally thought to be an inherited disorder, unless in the context of a specific hereditary syndrome.

Ataxia telangiectasia

Ataxia telangiectasia is a rare, neurodegenerative, inherited disease causing severe disability. Ataxia refers to poor coordination and telangiectasia to small dilated blood vessels, both of which are hallmarks of the disease.
A-T affects many parts of the body:
It impairs certain areas of the brain including the cerebellum, causing difficulty with movement and coordination.
It weakens the immune system causing a predisposition to infection.
It prevents repair of broken DNA, increasing the risk of cancer.
Symptoms most often first appear in early childhood when children begin to walk. Though they usually start walking at a normal age, they wobble or sway when walking, standing still or sitting, and may appear almost as if they are drunk. In late pre-school and early school age they develop difficulty moving the eyes in a natural manner from one place to the next. They develop slurred or distorted speech, and swallowing problems. Some have an increased number of respiratory tract infections. Because not all children develop in the same manner or at the same rate, it may be some years before A-T is properly diagnosed.

Auditory processing disorder

Auditory processing disorder, also known as central auditory processing disorder, is an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes auditory information. Individuals with APD usually have normal structure and function of the outer, middle and inner ear. However, they cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the sounds composing speech. It is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system.
APD does not feature in mainstream diagnostic classifications such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. The American Academy of Audiology notes that APD is diagnosed by difficulties in one or more auditory processes known to reflect the function of the central auditory nervous system.
APD can affect both children and adults, although the actual prevalence is currently unknown. It has been suggested that males are twice as likely to be affected by the disorder as females, but there are no good epidemiological studies.

Familial dysautonomia

Familial dysautonomia, sometimes called Riley–Day syndrome and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III — is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system which affects the development and survival of sensory, sympathetic and some parasympathetic neurons in the autonomic and sensory nervous system resulting in variable symptoms including: insensitivity to pain, inability to produce tears, poor growth, and labile blood pressure. People with FD have frequent vomiting crises, pneumonia, problems with speech and movement, difficulty swallowing, inappropriate perception of heat, pain, and taste, as well as unstable blood pressure and gastrointestinal dysmotility. FD does not affect intelligence. Originally reported by Conrad Milton Riley and Richard Lawrence Day in 1949, FD is one example of a group of disorders known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. All HSAN are characterized by widespread sensory dysfunction and variable autonomic dysfunction caused by incomplete development of sensory and autonomic neurons. The disorders are believed to be genetically distinct from each other.

Neurological diseases affect a sizable portion of people in the US. Those suffering from brain &amp; neurological diseases can have symptoms ranging from ...