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Lists about medical practices and working in the medical field.

Medicine

Medical malpractice cases are uncommon. The vast majority of the 30 million surgeries performed in the US every year go off without a hitch, but botched operations and diagnoses do happen, and when they do, they can be devastating to patients and their families.

There are any number of examples of medical malpractice - some of them are unexplainable incidences, and others are totally preventable. Often, when something goes horribly awry, it&#39;s as simple as a <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/the-13-worst-doctors-of-all-time/greg" target="_blank">doctor operating on the wrong one</a> in a pair, like a leg or a&nbsp;kidney. Sometimes information is transcribed wrong, or a chart is confused with a similar patient. Mistakes do happen, and when they do, lawyers are called and settlements agreed upon.

But sometimes a mistake is so sloppy, craven, or lazy that it defies any obvious explanation other than&nbsp;&quot;the doctor just wasn&#39;t paying enough attention.&quot; Huge medical instruments are left in patients, nurses don&#39;t take the time to wash their hands, nobody checks on a person in an ER, and in one tragic case, a girl gets organs that are incompatible with her blood type.

Here are some of the worst <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/christopher-duntsch-dr-death-facts/jodi-smith" target="_blank">medical malpractice&nbsp;cases</a> in history. Each and every one is a cautionary tale for asking questions at the doctor and confirming that all your medical information is accurate.

True Stories

When you think of dirty jobs, janitors generally <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1vcvwy/iama_hospital_janitorhousekeeper_ask_me_anything/cer39qg/">are the first to come to mind</a>. But have you ever considered how much worse it must be for those janitorial servants who must clean the <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/the-13-craziest-objects-ever-found-inside-people/rachel-stewart">grime</a> and <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/creepy-hospital-stories/rosa-pasquarella">gore</a> of a hospital?Hospital janitors spend their days cleaning up emergency rooms, bathrooms, patient rooms, and&nbsp;hallways - all of which can be covered in both human and hospital waste. The gnarliest sights described by them include blood on the ceilings,&nbsp;human debris&nbsp;in unimaginable places, and repulsive&nbsp;bodily fluids. All of the tales are from real emergency room janitors, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1vcvwy/iama_hospital_janitorhousekeeper_ask_me_anything/">as shared on Reddit</a>. Stifle your gag reflex and read on!

Weird

Everything has a side effect, from coffee to Tylenol to eating too much pizza (that&rsquo;s called &ldquo;getting rad&rdquo;). Most prescription drug side effects are usually not that big a&nbsp;deal. Who cares about having dry mouth when you don&rsquo;t have blood clots, right? Unfortunately, some side effects are worse - or weirder - than others.

While most people start taking a medication with the understanding that it will make them healthy, they rarely realize&nbsp;their brain, gait, and even skin color may change irreversibly.&nbsp;Once you get about halfway through this collection of strange side effects, you&rsquo;ll start to notice that a lot of medications&nbsp;can really mess you up, unless you&rsquo;re into having lucid nightmares or disappearing fingerprints.&nbsp;

It&rsquo;s unrealistic to think there are medications without side effects, but it&rsquo;s also hard to believe that anyone would willingly subject their body to something knowing that there&rsquo;s a small chance it could make them kill their family. This isn&#39;t meant to be alarmist, but&nbsp;as Francis Bacon said, &ldquo;Knowledge is power.&rdquo; If you&#39;re genuinely worried, talk to your doctor.

College

Several famous actors, athletes, musicians, and politicians have attended medical school. Some of these celebrities graduated with M.D.s while others dropped out of college to pursue alternative careers. One of the NBA's biggest stars even went to medical school before focusing on basketball. This list of famous people who went to med school has been loosely ranked by fame and popularity.&nbsp;Who is the most famous person who attended medical school? Che Guevara tops our list. The revolutionary figure attended medical school at the University of Buenos Aires in the late-1940s. It was while Guevara was traveling South America for medical school that he became inspired to fight for the rights of people in Latin America.Several athletes also went to medical school. Olympic swimmer Jenny Thompson received her medical degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 2006 and gymnast Amy Chow graduated with her medical degree from Stanford in 2007.&nbsp;Two-time NBA Champion Pau Gasol is an example of a&nbsp;celebrity dropping out of medical school to pursue a different career. Other celebs who were initially&nbsp;pursuing medical degrees from prestigious colleges include Dexter Holland and Jay Sean. &nbsp;Are you surprised that so many famous people went to med school? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

Thanks to the Internet, a brand new phenomena has emerged of&nbsp;people who try to treat their own medical problems, like medical school is just a formality. As if WebMD didn't already convince everyone they have cancer, now YouTube has convinced people to try dumb medical self treatments that even the&nbsp;renegades on House wouldn't try. These stories, all of people who wound up in the emergency room after self-treatments went bad, are definitely cringe worthy.These&nbsp;patients who tried to self-medicate by drinking bleach, using bug spray in their orifices, or even attempting surgery on themselves deserve a place in medical textbooks everywhere as examples of self-care no-nos. Medical professionals, who sometimes acknowledge that <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/successful-crazy-experimental-medical-procedures/nathan-gibson">crazy medical techniques can work</a>, still do not possess the patience for your&nbsp;nail polish remover remedies.&nbsp;Thankfully - for you - they still managed to share these tales on <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1l0qly/medical_workers_of_reddit_whats_the_dumbest_thing/">Reddit</a>, tales that might as well be Grey's Anatomy episodes for how outlandish they are.&nbsp;

Biology

We've heard these medical misconceptions repeated for years, and I'm certainly not the first person to debunk these 10 popular medical myths... myths that have seeped into the zeitgeist, been repeated by parents, friends, roomates and sometimes even doctors. But, according to actual data collected by actual doctors, they aren't true. Why do we still believe these? They make &quot;logical&quot; sense and they've been told to us and our parents and their parents for so long, they feel like gospel. Choose to believe the data, or not. What are untrue, common medical myths? These are the top 10 medical myths, made properly mythical.&nbsp;

UTI: You Wear Dresses with Phallic Designs on Them

So maybe you think you have ringworm. What do you do? You Google it, of course. UTI? Google. A stye? Google, please help. Well, Google heard your cries and frantic keyboard typing, so <a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2015/02/health-info-knowledge-graph.html" target="_blank">in early 2015</a>, they started&nbsp;including medical facts&nbsp;in their &quot;<a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2015/02/health-info-knowledge-graph.html" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://moz.com/blog/101-google-answer-boxes-a-journey-into-the-knowledge-graph" target="_blank">Knowledge Graph</a>&quot; (cool lingo, Google!),&nbsp;which is the first thing that grabs your eye on search results, all that helpful info packed into a box on the upper right corner of the page. But do you want to hear the best part of this news? They commissioned artwork from licensed medical illustrators (which is a thing you can be when you grow up, kids!), and these health illustrations are (accidentally) so funny.&nbsp;Looking for<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ6dk_HLPE8" target="_blank"> things to google</a>? Here you go, kiddos! The Knowledge Graph works great for searches like &quot;<a href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=weather%20los%20angeles" target="_blank">weather Los Angeles</a>,&quot; &quot;<a href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=stairway+to+heaven+lyrics" target="_blank">Stairway to Heaven lyrics</a>,&quot; or &quot;<a href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=eddie+murphy+kids" target="_blank">Eddie Murphy kids</a>,&quot; but what does it look like when you have a stye? It looks like a cool cat in a hat and a necklace (on a man!). How do you know if you have mono? You're lying on the couch with your eyes half-closed, wearing a scarf. A pimple? You're squinting and putting on mascara. Good to know! These weird medical illustrations feature all kinds of sick people making funny faces for your enjoyment and education.Next time you are awake at 2 a.m. Googling your minor symptoms and convincing yourself you have meningitis, don't be scared by these creepy medical drawings that Google thinks might help your amateur medical research. That picture of the woman, stricken with arthritis during a lovely autumn walk, is here to help! &nbsp;Until you are stricken with a mystery illness that only Google disease drawings can help you self-diagnose, upvote the weirdest and most absurd Google medical illustrations in the Google knowledge graph below. Then go see how many years of school it takes to become a licensed medical illustrator. Maybe that is the career for you!

Sometimes the worst traumas we experience are, ironically enough,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/selfie-deaths-092215/jacob-shelton">entirely self-inflicted</a>. Whether it's swallowing objects that should never be in your mouth, nearly putting a screwdriver through your hand, or sticking things up your nose, these tales&nbsp;from people on <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/rz9mp/after_30_minutes_i_finally_got_the_stuck_vibrator/?limit=500">Reddit</a> will make you cringe and possibly adapt a new sense of wariness towards everyday actions and objects.Some of these awful stories end with trips to the hospital, while others are, thankfully, resolved without a lot of medical intervention. All that matters is that they were shared publicly, for both your entertainment and your safety.&nbsp;

Health

Remember when Tom Cruise went on to The Today Show to promote a movie, but instead, he ended up dismissing postpartum depression, medication, and psychiatry? Why wouldn't he discuss mental health on national television? Tom Cruise is one of the leading medical experts of our time, correct? Wrong. &nbsp;&nbsp;Celebrities talk a lot and they get asked all kinds of questions a celebrity is in no position to answer. So is it any wonder that sometimes an actor, actress, musician, supermodel, or CEO shares medical diagnoses and beliefs even though they have no credentials whatsoever? This list has some of <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/worst-advice-from-baby-boomers/anna-lindwasser?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">the worst advice</a> or practices celebrities have ever publicly shared about health. Whether it's a detoxifying beauty treatment based on leeching, a belief that sunscreen is poison, or a shady weight loss pill endorsement, all of these medical and health beliefs shared by famous people on this list are far-fetched, to say the least. They're unfounded, unstudied, and sometimes blatantly wrong. But it's up to to decide just which celebrity medical advice is the least helpful and least scientific. Vote up the worst health and medical advice from celebrities. That's the only way we'll settle once and for all just which celebrity is least qualified to be a doctor. Vote away and remember, the next time you start listening to Dr. Paltrow when it comes to skin cancer or take Mark Cuban, MD's advice on blood tests, you might want to go see your actual doctor instead.

History

Going to the doctor&nbsp;nowadays might seem daunting, but it's nothing compared to what medicine was like centuries ago. Scary ancient medical devices range from vaguely-helpful-but-not-worth-the-risk&nbsp;to things that actually made your sickness worse. Some of them could even be deadly.&nbsp;Possibly most frightening, these dangerous ancient medical devices were completely accepted as the pinnacle of modern medicine at the time. That's bound yo make you feel at least a little thankful for the advances we've made today.&nbsp;That being, diseases of yesteryear weren't exactly well understood. The vapors were thought to be real, your humors had to be treated, and evil spirits were considered a cause of illness. It's no wonder some of these scary old medicines seem so shocking to us today.So, if you feel like being a little morbid and historic,&nbsp;delve into horrifying ancient medicine. There are&nbsp;some pretty gruesome medical devices on here, so let's hope you have a strong stomach.&nbsp;

Every year, millions of hours and billions of dollars are poured into medical innovation, with new methods of improving, sustaining, and extending human life discovered on a near daily basis - yet&nbsp;without some significant accidental medical discoveries thrown into the mix, many of us would not be here today.

Unintended scientific discoveries often&nbsp;prove more fascinating than those made on purpose. Perhaps it&rsquo;s the lure of serendipity, or the enticing possibility of changing the world for the better through nothing more than sheer happenstance. Either way, people everywhere are grateful that&nbsp;some enterprising individuals were fortunate enough <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/experimental-medical-procedures/nathan-gibson" target="_blank">to stumble into important medical breakthroughs</a> - and had awareness enough to understand the implications of their discoveries.&nbsp;

Med School is tough, and the questions on UWorld aren&#39;t getting any easier. Let&#39;s commiserate with these memes, courtesy of r/<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/medicalschool" target="_blank">MedicalSchool</a>. Vote up the best ones down below!

The relationship between a doctor and patient is a sacred trust, built on the understanding that one holds the well-being of the other in their hands. But what happens when a patient unknowingly sees a fake <a href="https://www.ranker.com/crowdranked-list/the-least-favorite-doctor-from-doctor-who" target="_blank">doctor</a>? Sometimes, it&#39;s all too easy to con trusting patients into thinking you&#39;re a physician, especially when dealing with someone sick, poor, or desperate.

The &quot;physicians&quot; on this list all took advantage of&nbsp;their patients in some way, many through directly caring for people when they had no training, others by acting as a guru or expert. Some invented cures that didn&#39;t work, others directly slayed people through their gross incompetence and negligence. All of them have either been imprisoned, passed, or renounced for their malicious ways.

Here are the most blatant instances of quack doctors and doctor conmen pretending to be real. Read on to learn who they are, what they did, and what happened to them as a result of their actions.

The polio vaccine changed lives in the mid-1950s, a decade during which&nbsp;thousands of children were devastated by the disease. At its height in 1952, the virus infected nearly&nbsp;<a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/10/16/162670836/wiping-out-polio-how-the-u-s-snuffed-out-a-killer" target="_blank">60,000 children</a> in the United States. Thousands of these children were paralyzed, and over 3,000 of them died from the epidemic. Summer of that year was a particularly brutal period for the disease, which is generally spread through contact with human feces. Many towns closed swimming pools, and moviegoers were advised not to sit next to one another to prevent any spread of germs. While many&nbsp;people suffering from the disease never exhibited polio symptoms, those who were struck&nbsp;with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512" target="_blank">paralytic polio</a> were left no choice but to stay&nbsp;in hospitals on life support.

Thankfully, virologist Jonas Salk and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh invented a <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/what-happened-after-polio-vaccine-developed/melissa-sartore" target="_blank">polio vaccine</a> in 1952. In 1954, they tested their creation&nbsp;on a group of children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;&nbsp;mass immunization would follow in 1955. The history of polio is heart-wrenching, as are&nbsp;the photos of both children and adults&nbsp;affected by the disease. Fortunately, the polio vaccine eventually eradicated the disease in America, a testament to the benefits of scientific progress in medicine.&nbsp;

Body of Proof

These are very best medical drama shows on television, ranked from best to worst. &nbsp;Popular medical drama TV shows have been a staple of television for years, so there&#39;s often debate about what the most entertaining medical drama show of all time is. Don&#39;t let your favorite medical drama television programs in history get to the bottom of the list - be sure to vote them up so they have the chance to reach the top spot. The list of medical drama television shows below includes information like the program&#39;s cast and premiere date, and even pictures, when available.&nbsp;What are the greatest medical dramas? It&#39;s time to vote!

Who doesn&#39;t love doctor shows and hospital shows? With TV shows about doctors, there&#39;s always plenty of drama because the stakes are so high. Lives are on the line and there is probably a love triangle involved, at least on popular TV shows about hospitals like ER and Grey&#39;s Anatomy.

This list also includes several new <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-2010s-medical-tv-shows/ranker-tv" target="_blank">medical dramas of the past decade</a>. CBS&#39; <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-current-medical-tv-shows/ranker-tv" target="_blank">latest medical series</a>, Pure Genius, stars Dermot Mulroney as a brilliant surgeon who works&nbsp;alongside a tech billionaire at a state-of-the-art hospital center in Silicon Valley. Another new medical drama is PBS&#39; Mercy Street, which is set during the Civil War. Starring Josh Radnor, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, and Gary Cole, the period medical drama combines history and&nbsp;hospitals. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Some of the names of medical dramas that make up this are stellar offerings like Jozi-H,&nbsp;Private Practice, and <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-house-episodes/reference" target="_blank">House</a>.&nbsp;What is the best medical drama show of all time? What are the greatest medical drama shows? Take a look at the many top-rated series on this list of TV shows featuring <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/greatest-tv-doctors/ranker-tv?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword" target="_blank">dramatic doctors</a> and cast your votes for the ones you like the most.

&nbsp;

Best TV

It seems these days, you can&#39;t turn on your television without stumbling across a series about hospitals. Whether it&#39;s about the people who work there or the patients who wind up inside, hospital shows&nbsp;have been going strong for years. Doctors, nurses, and other staff members who work in these institutions have always fascinated the general population and have long been a part of TV.&nbsp;Whether you enjoy watching a comedy, drama, romance, suspense, or anything else in-between, there are plenty of options to choose from if you&#39;re on the lookout for an amazing TV show set in a hospital or clinic.

The best shows about hospitals&nbsp;shows have been going strong since the debut of the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-current-medical-tv-shows/ranker-tv" target="_blank">hit medical drama</a> ER, but it was hardly the first (or last) of its kind. Comedies like&nbsp;Scrubs&nbsp;were less about medicine than they were about relationships, but if you prefer a mix of the two, shows like&nbsp;Grey&#39;s Anatomy&nbsp;delve deep into the nuances of surgery while digging into the relationships of the many characters on the show, and <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-new-amsterdam-episodes/ranker-tv" target="_blank">New Amsterdam</a> looks at the relationships built as a hospital is rebuilt. Determining the absolute best of them all is the goal of this list and there are a lot of amazing choices. Which series&nbsp;make&nbsp;your list of good shows about hospitals?

For more recommendations on hospital shows, browse this list and feel free to add any similar series you think are missing! Also be sure to check out the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/medical-movies-based-on-true-stories/ranker-film" target="_blank">best medical movies</a> if you need more hospital-based content in your life.

The Three Faces of Eve

What are the best medical <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-movies-based-on-true-stories/ranker-film?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">movies based on true stories</a>? This list includes <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-historical-drama-movies-all-time/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">great historical movies</a> such as Philadelphia, Patch Adams, and Awakenings. All of these movies recount incredible stories about people and their ailments throughout history. Be it about disease, <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/all-doctor-movies-or-list-of-doctor-movies/all-genre-movies-lists" target="_blank">doctors</a>, studies, or medical advancements, these stories are all based on true stories and touch viewers at their core.

Which movie inspired by real medical events is the best? That&#39;s up for the voters to decide. Vote up which movie you think is the best, and if you don&#39;t see your favorite on here, be sure to add it. This list is votable and rerankable, so have at it!

Every profession has its own jargon or&nbsp;code words&nbsp;- but <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/old-fashioned-medical-terms/aaron-edwards" target="_blank">medical&nbsp;slang</a> can be especially interesting.&nbsp;Whether the nurse slang&nbsp;refers to bizarre conditions, the attitude of a patient or just a simple <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/oh-my-god-doctor-moments-reddit/christopher-shultz" target="_blank">procedure</a>, the random collections of letters makes practically every phrase sound important, especially considering that we always want to know exactly what our doctors and nurses are talking about.&nbsp;

Medical professionals often&nbsp;use slang&nbsp;to openly communicate with each other quickly and in front of patients. While some of the nurse and doctor terms here are relatively innocuous, other phrases are controversial or meant to describe a patient without their knowledge. Read the most interesting examples of medical slang we could find and if you&#39;re a nurse or doctor, vote up the slang terms that you&#39;ve actually heard used.&nbsp;

Vaccination is a hot-button issue&nbsp;–&nbsp;and that's not a new thing. By the 18th century, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/" target="_blank">smallpox</a> was a disease that had been ravaging&nbsp;Europe for centuries, and a man named Edward Jenner set out to eradicate the deadly disease that killed one third of its victims.&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1796, Edward Jenner, a country doctor, discovered a way to vaccinate (a term he himself coined) people against smallpox using the <a href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/a-history-of-medicine/edward-jenner/" target="_blank">cowpox virus</a>, a disease found in cows that could be transferred to humans –&nbsp;but that was much less harmful than smallpox. Jenner's cowpox vaccine and his insistence on the powers of the vaccination,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml" target="_blank">despite ridicule</a> from others (similar to the anti-vaxxer movement today), led to the complete eradication of smallpox in Europe.&nbsp;

By now, everyone in the world knows that cannabis is not just a munchie-inducing recreational substance. It can also have big medicinal benefits for some. In fact, state after state has begun to legalize the medical use of cannabis to help sick people with issues that range from glaucoma and seizures to anxiety and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. There&#39;s some possibility it can even help treat cancer.

So, this begs the question - if cannabis has beneficial medicinal properties that were previously unknown, is it possible that there are other party drugs that also have some upsides to them (medically speaking, of course) And the answer, at least according to several studies, doctors, and experts, is &quot;yes!&nbsp;But let&#39;s be clear, we&#39;re not suggesting LSD, ecstasy, coke and the other drugs on this list are good for you, or that the drugs on this list should be legalized now. That&#39;s for the researchers and doctors to figure out. We&#39;re just compiling the available studies.&nbsp;Further research is needed, but these drugs may one day benefit human beings in more ways than just helping them have a good time.

This lists contains seven other party drugs that have shown some ability to heal the sick. Some are even used internationally by medical professionals. Check out these facts about drugs and find out all about illegal drugs with medical benefits. Should these drugs used as medicine be more widely accepted?

Practicing Medicine

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Diseases / Medical Conditions

List of the risks of Caucasians, including illnesses, disorders, ailments, maladies, and diseases associated with Caucasian race. What are the dangers unique to being Caucasian? This list includes genetic disorders and chronic conditions linked to Caucasians by the medical and science communities through research. List items include Bladder cancer, Chronic fatigue syndrome and more. The illnesses and medical conditions are listed in alphabetical order, and you can sort them by column. While many of the diseases related to being Caucasian have only been suggested through correlation, a few diseases are caused by being Caucasian and do not exist without this risk factor. Among other potential problems, being Caucasian can lead to harmful conditions. (9 Items)

Caucasian Diseases | List of Dangers Unique to Being White

Risks Unique to Being Caucasian

Best Medical Conditions Lists, Top 10 Diseases- Find any Disease List at Ranker

Disease or medical condition

Science

Best Rankings of Interesting Scientific Facts, Topics, and Cool Science News

science

Reference

Gender

Age 30 and over

Gen Xers

Age under 50

Region

American

West Coast US

Us States

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a skin rash indicative of the third or late stage of European Lyme borreliosis.
ACA is a dermatological condition that takes a chronically progressive course and finally leads to a widespread atrophy of the skin. Involvement of the peripheral nervous system is often observed, specifically polyneuropathy.
This progressive skin process is due to the effect of continuing active infection with the spirochete Borrelia afzelii, which is the predominant pathophysiology. B. afzelii may not be the exclusive etiologic agent of ACA; Borrelia garinii has also been detected.

Aortic aneurysm

An aortic aneurysm is enlargement of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. They usually cause no symptoms except when ruptured. Occasionally there may be abdominal, back or leg pain.
They are most commonly located in the abdominal aorta, but can also be located in the thoracic aorta. Aortic aneurysms cause weakness in the wall of the aorta and increase the risk of aortic rupture. When rupture occurs, massive internal bleeding results, and, unless treated immediately, shock and death can occur.
Screening with ultrasound is indicated in those at high risk. Prevention is by decreasing risk factors such as smoking. Treatment is either by open or endovascular surgery. Aortic aneurysms resulted in about 152,000 deaths in 2013 up from 100,000 in 1990.

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus, sometimes called Barrett syndrome, Barrett esophagus, or columnar epithelium lined lower oesophagus, refers to an abnormal change in the cells of the lower portion of the esophagus. It is characterized by the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The medical significance of Barrett's esophagus is its strong association with esophageal adenocarcinoma, a very often deadly cancer, because of which it is considered to be a premalignant condition.
The main cause of Barrett's esophagus is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the Western world in recent years. The condition is found in 5–15% of patients who seek medical care for heartburn, although a large subgroup of patients with Barrett's esophagus do not have symptoms. Diagnosis requires endoscopy and biopsy. The cells of Barrett's esophagus, after biopsy, are classified into four general categories: nondysplastic, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and frank carcinoma.

Bladder cancer

Bladder carcinoma is a carcinoma arising from the bladder epithelium.  Approximately 90% of the bladder carcinomas are transitional cell carcinomas.  The remainder are squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Brain tumor

A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors that started within the brain and those that spread from somewhere else known as brain metastasis tumors. This article deals mainly with tumors that start within the brain. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These may include headaches, seizures, problem with vision, vomiting, and mental changes.The headache is classically worst in the morning and goes away with vomiting. More specific problems may include difficulty in walking, speaking and with sensation. As the disease progresses unconsciousness may occur.
The cause of most cases is unknown. Risk factors that may occasionally be involved include a number of inherited conditions known as neurofibromatosis as well as exposure to the industrial chemical vinyl chloride, the Epstein-Barr virus, and ionizing radiation. While concern has been raised about mobile phone use the evidence is not clear.

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.
Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, and older age. About 5–10% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person's parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. In addition, there are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some cancers develop from pre-invasive lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ.

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is the common name for a medical condition characterized by debilitating symptoms, including fatigue, that lasts for a minimum of six months in adults. The fatigue is not due to ongoing exertion, not significantly relieved by rest, and is not caused by other medical conditions. The illness is often lengthy, severe, and disabling. CFS may also be referred to as systemic exertion intolerance disease, myalgic encephalomyelitis, post-viral fatigue syndrome, chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome, or by several other terms. Biological, genetic, infectious and psychological mechanisms have been proposed, but the etiology of CFS is not understood and it may have multiple causes.
Symptoms of CFS include malaise after exertion; unrefreshing sleep, widespread muscle and joint pain, sore throat, headaches of a type not previously experienced, cognitive difficulties, chronic and severe mental and physical exhaustion, and other characteristic symptoms in a previously healthy and active person.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside the uterus. Its main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility. Nearly half have chronic pelvic pain while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation. Pain with sex is also common. Infertility occurs in up to half of people. Endometriosis can have both social and psychological effects. Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel symptoms. About 25% of women have no symptoms.
The cause is not entirely clear. Risk factors include having a family history of the condition. Most often the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue around the uterus are affected; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body. The areas of endometriosis bleed each month which results in inflammation and scarring. The growths due to endometriosis are not cancer. Diagnosis is usually based on symptom in combination with medical imaging. Biopsy is the most sure method of diagnosis. Other causes of similar symptoms include: irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and fibromyalgia.
Tentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contraceptives reduces the risk of endometriosis.

HELLP syndrome

HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening obstetric complication usually considered to be a variant or complication of pre-eclampsia. Both conditions usually occur during the later stages of pregnancy, or sometimes after childbirth. "HELLP" is an abbreviation of the three main features of the syndrome:
Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelet count

Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types of inflammatory bowel disease. It is important to note that not only does Crohn's disease affect the small intestine and large intestine, it can also affect the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and the anus whereas ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and the rectum.
IBD resulted in 51,000 deaths in 2013 and 55,000 deaths in 1990.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or KS agent. It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi, a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s. The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994. Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection, there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV-8 infection.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement. Four subtypes have been described: Classic KS, affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent; African endemic KS; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients; and AIDS-related KS. The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies: macular, patch, plaque, nodular, and exophytic. The cutaneous lesions can be solitary, localized or disseminated. KS can involve the oral cavity, lymph nodes, and viscera.

Macular degeneration

Age related macular degeneration is a degenerative condition of the macula as a result of hardening of the arteries of the retina.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which forms from melanocytes.
In women, the most common site is the legs, and melanomas in men are most common on the back. It is particularly common among Caucasians, especially northern Europeans and northwestern Europeans, living in sunny climates. There are higher rates in Oceania, North America, Europe, Southern Africa, and Latin America. This geographic pattern reflects the primary cause, ultraviolet light exposure in conjunction with the amount of skin pigmentation in the population. Melanocytes produce the dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. These cells predominantly occur in skin, but are also found in other parts of the body, including the bowel and the eye. Melanoma can originate in any part of the body that contains melanocytes.
The treatment includes surgical removal of the tumor. If melanoma is found early, while it is still small and thin, and if it is completely removed, then the chance of cure is high. The likelihood that the melanoma will come back or spread depends on how deeply it has gone into the layers of the skin.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis, also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata, is an inflammatory disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a wide range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks or building up over time. Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often occur, especially as the disease advances.
While the cause is not clear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as infections. MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests.
There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density which can lead to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density is reduced, bone microarchitecture deteriorates, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone are altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as a bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture. The disease may be classified as primary type 1, primary type 2, or secondary. The form of osteoporosis most common in women after menopause is referred to as primary type 1 or postmenopausal osteoporosis, which is attributable to the decrease in estrogen production after menopause. Primary type 2 osteoporosis or senile osteoporosis occurs after age 75 and is seen in both females and males at a ratio of 2:1.

Pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest, in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally. This produces a caved-in or sunken appearance of the chest. It can either be present at birth or not develop until puberty.
Pectus excavatum is sometimes considered to be cosmetic; however, depending on the severity, it can impair cardiac and respiratory function and cause pain in the chest and back. People with the condition may experience negative psychosocial effects, and avoid activities that expose the chest.
Pectus excavatum is sometimes referred to as cobbler's chest, sunken chest, the crevasse, or funnel chest.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Polymyalgia rheumatica abbreviated as PMR, is a syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips, but which may occur all over the body. The pain can be very sudden, or can occur gradually over a period. It may be caused by an inflammatory condition of blood vessels such as temporal arteritis.
Most PMR sufferers wake up in the morning with pain in their muscles; however, there have been cases in which the patient has developed the pain during the evenings or have pain and stiffness all day long. Patients who have polymyalgia rheumatica may also have temporal arteritis, an inflammation of blood vessels in the face which can cause blindness if not treated quickly.
The pain and stiffness can be debilitating if not treated, and can lead to severe depression.
PMR is usually treated with courses of oral corticosteroids. Most people need to continue the corticosteroid treatment for two to three years. PMR sometimes goes away on its own in a year or two, but medications and self-care measures can improve the rate of recovery.

Pyloric stenosis

Pyloric stenosis or pylorostenosis is narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum, due to enlargement of the muscle surrounding this opening, which spasms when the stomach empties. This condition causes severe projectile non-bilious vomiting. It most often occurs in the first few months of life, when it may thus be more specifically labeled as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The thickened pylorus is felt classically as an olive-shaped mass in the middle upper part or right upper quadrant of the infant's abdomen. In pyloric stenosis, it is uncertain whether there is a true congenital anatomic narrowing or whether there is merely a functional hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle. This condition typically develops in male babies in the first 2 to 6 weeks of life.
Pyloric stenosis also occurs in adults, where the cause is usually a narrowed pylorus due to scarring from chronic peptic ulceration. This is a different condition from the infantile form.

Skin cancer

Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin. They are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. There are three main types: basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer and melanoma. The first two together along with a number of less common skin cancers are known as nonmelanoma skin cancer. Basal cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death. It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, that may be shiny with small blood vessel running over it or may present as a raised area with an ulcer. Squamous cell cancer is more likely to spread. It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer. Melanomas are the most aggressive. Signs include a mole that has changed in size, shape, color, has irregular edges, has more than one color, is itchy or bleeds.
Greater than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. This exposure increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer. Exposure has increased partly due to a thinner ozone layer.

Spina bifida

Spina bifida is a developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open. If the opening is large enough, this allows a portion of the spinal cord to protrude through the opening in the bones. There may or may not be a fluid-filled sac surrounding the spinal cord. Other neural tube defects include anencephaly, a condition in which the portion of the neural tube that will become the cerebrum does not close, and encephalocele, which results when other parts of the brain remain unfused.
Spina bifida malformations fall into three categories: spina bifida occulta, spina bifida cystica with meningocele, and spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele. The most common location of the malformations is the lumbar and sacral areas. Myelomeningocele is the most significant and common form, and this leads to disability in most affected individuals. The terms spina bifida and myelomeningocele are usually used interchangeably.
Spina bifida can be surgically closed after birth, but this does not restore normal function to the affected part of the spinal cord.

Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.
Not all lumps on the testicles are tumors, and not all tumors are malignant. There are many other conditions, such as testicular microlithiasis, epididymal cysts, and appendix testis, which may be painful but are non-cancerous.
Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers with an average five-year survival rate of 95%. If the cancer has not spread outside the testicle, the 5-year survival is 99% while if it has grown into nearby structures or has spread to nearby lymph nodes, the rate is 96% and if it has spread to organs or lymph nodes away from the testicles, the 5-year survival is around 74%. Even for the relatively few cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 80%.
Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. In the United States, about 8,000 cases are diagnosed a year. In the UK, approximately 2,000 men are diagnosed each year, and over his lifetime, a man's risk of testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 200.

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a cancer originating from follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells.
The most effective management of aggressive thyroid cancers is surgical removal of thyroid gland followed by radioactive iodine ablation and TSH-suppression therapy. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy may also be used in cases of distant metastases or advanced cancer stage. Five year survival rates are 97.8% in the United States.

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a disease of the colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores. The main symptom of active disease is usually constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset. IBD is often confused with irritable bowel syndrome.
Ulcerative colitis shares much in common with Crohn's disease, another form of IBD, but Crohn's disease can affect the whole gastrointestinal tract while ulcerative colitis only attacks the large intestine, and while ulcerative colitis can be treated by performing a total colectomy, surgery for Crohn's disease involves removing the damaged parts of the intestine and reconnecting the healthy parts, which does not cure Crohn's, as it can recur after surgery, mostly at the site of the intestinal anastomosis or in other areas. Ulcerative colitis is an intermittent disease, with periods of exacerbated symptoms, and periods that are relatively symptom-free. Although the symptoms of ulcerative colitis can sometimes diminish on their own, the disease usually requires treatment to go into remission.

Ureterocele

A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter. In this condition called ureteroceles, the distal ureter balloons at its opening into the bladder, forming a sac-like pouch. It is most often associated with a duplicated collection system, where two ureters drain their respective kidney instead of one. Simple ureteroceles, where the condition involves only a single ureter, represents only twenty percent of cases. Ureteroceles affects one in 4,000 individuals, at least four-fifths of whom are female. Patients are frequently Caucasian.
Since the advent of the ultrasound, most ureteroceles are diagnosed prenatally. The pediatric and adult conditions are often found only through diagnostic imaging performed for reasons other than suspicious ureteroceles.

Urethral syndrome

Urethral syndrome is a set of symptoms that may suggest a lower urinary tract infection. However, urethral syndrome is different since there is no significant presence of bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. Typically, the syndrome can be linked to non-infective causes such as trauma, allergies, anatomical features such as diverticula, and post-surgical scarring and adhesions.

List of the risks of Caucasians, including illnesses, disorders, ailments, maladies, and diseases associated with Caucasian race. What are the dangers unique ...