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Lists of famous members of historical clubs and secret societies in the US and around the world.

Secret Societies

From the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/what-is-the-illuminati/mike-rothschild" target="_blank">Illuminati</a> to the Freemasons, and the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/knights-templar-theories/morgan-deane&nbsp;" target="_blank">Knights Templar</a> to the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/facts-about-the-knights-of-malta/jacob-shelton&nbsp;" target="_blank">Knights of Malta</a>, historical secret societies have long been the stuff of&nbsp;world-domination rumors. But what are the best secret societies to join? That really depends&nbsp;on what you're looking for from your clandestine organization.&nbsp;As for how to join a secret society and make money, you'll have to figure that one out for yourself.Did the Knights Templar really join an occult society? Were the Sons of Liberty actually behind the Boston Tea Party? And what about how to become Illuminati? These secret societies from history have been alleged to pull the world's strings from behind the scenes, from the mysterious Flat Hat Club to the violent Molly Maguires.&nbsp;

Politics

List of Famous Bilderberg Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Bilderberg Group is an annual conference comprised of prominent members of politics and society from North America and Europe. The mission of the Bilderberg group is to encourage dialogue about current trends and world issues. Enjoy this list of famous Bilderberg members.Who are the most famous Bilderberg Members? Bill Clinton and Bill Gates top our list. Clinton attended the conference when he was Governor of Arkansas in 1991 and Gates attended in 2010. Bilderberg meetings are actually rather casually run. They do not have an agenda and they encourage informal discussions about major issues that face the world. No votes or resolutions are made and members are encouraged to listen and gather insights.Other members of the Bilderberg group include Prince Charles, who attended in 1986 and his father Prince Philip who attended in 1965 and 1967. The original Bilderberg conference was held in Oosterbeek, Netherlands in 1954 and Royalty from the Netherlands, Belgium and Norway regularly attend the event. The 2013 conference was held in the United Kingdom.What do you think of the Bilderberg Group's casual approach to international discussions? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Elks Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, better known as the Elks, is one of the largest fraternal orders in the United States. Founded in 1868, the Elks require members to have a belief in God, good moral character, American citizenship and be over 21 in age. Through the years, the Elks have had quite a few famous members including actors, athletes and politicians. Enjoy this list of famous elks members.Who are some of the most famous Elks members? President John F. Kennedy is at the top of our list. Other presidential Elks members include Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry Truman. Some <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/most-influential-athletes-of-all-time/ranker-sports?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">famous sports figures</a> also made our list. Popular Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi, golf legend Bobby Jones and MLB Hall-of-Famer Mickey Mantle are all members of the fraternal order of Elks.A couple of Oscar-winners also rank high on our list of famous Elks members. Actor/Director Ben Affleck and Actor/<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/movies-and-films-directed-by-clint-eastwood/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Director Clint Eastwood</a> both are current members of the Elks. Funny man Jack Benny and Western actor Will Rogers are also card carrying members.What do you think of all these famous Elks members? Check out the list and let us know who you think is the most famous Elks member in the comments section.

Clubs

List of Famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Fraternal Order of Eagles is an international organization that was founded in 1898 in Seattle. Their membership originally comprised primarily of individuals involved in the performing arts, but politicians have been quite active in recent years. The Fraternal Order of Eagles claim responsibility for creating the Mother's Day holiday in the United States.Who is the most famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Member? Former two term President Ronald Reagan tops our list. Other notable politicians who were also members include John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jimmy Carter, Warren G. Harding and more. The Fraternal Order of Eagles were big supporters of the Social Security Act becoming enacted in 1935.Country music superstar Billy Ray Cyrus is an active member of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. Back in 2008, Cyrus presented a $60,000 donation to Vanderbilt Eskind Diabetes Clinic on behalf of the Order. Cyrus went out of his way to visit the Children's Hospital and even brought his daughter Miley along to cheer up the children.What do you think of organizations like the Fraternal Order of Eagles? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Freemasons ranked by fame and popularity. The Freemasons is a fraternal organization that has lodges all over the world. The Freemasons use rituals and symbols to emphasize moral and ethical lessons. To become a member, individuals must petition a lodge, allow an investigation of their character and then be voted in by a secret ballot election. Check out this list to find out some of the most famous celebrity Freemasons throughout history and today.

Who is the most famous Freemason? Comedian Richard Pryor tops our list. Pryor joined the Freemasons in 1981 by joining the Henry Brown Lodge No. 22 in Peoria, Illinois. Other notable Freemasons include funny man Don Rickles and actors like John Wayne, who are also members of this illustrious group.

Several U.S. Presidents are also members of the Freemasons. George Washington went as far as reaching the impressive title of master Mason. Founding father Benjamin Franklin was a grand master and edited and published the first American Mason book back in 1734. Benedict Arnold was also a prominent member of the Freemasons until his membership was revoked due to his treason in the American Revolutionary War.

What do you think of this list of famous Freemasons?

Spellbook

List of Famous Golden Dawn Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was a magical order that studied and practiced the occult. Wicca and Thelma are both influenced by the beliefs of the Golden Dawn. The organization is open to women and men, but holds similar initiations to that of Masonic Lodges. Here is a list of famous Golden Dawn members.Who is the most famous Golden Dawn Member? Thelma founder Aleister Crowley tops our list. Crowley, who later became famous for his involvement with the Ordo Templis Orientis, was close friends with Golden Dawn co-founder Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. The Irish poet and Nobel Prize winner William Butler Yeats was very involved in the early days of the Golden Dawn, but he resigned after conflict infiltrated the group.Author Bram Stoker was believed to be a member of the Golden Dawn due to his interest in the supernatural, as well as his friendship with many Golden Dawn members. Irish actress Florence Farr was very involved in the group and even became Chief Adept after co-founder William Wynn Westcott left the organization.What do you think about the Golden Dawn's interest in the occult? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

This is a list of all famous Illuminati members, past and present. . . allegedly. Everyone mentioned on this list is rumored to have talked about the Illuminati, used their symbology or practiced Illuminati rituals in some way&ndash; whether privately or in the public eye. These possible famous Illuminati members range from world leaders to pop culture celebrities.

The Illuminati was founded in 1776 in Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt. It was initially created to house the <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/greatest-minds-of-all-time/walter-graves?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword" target="_blank">great thinkers</a> of the area and was modeled after another secret society, the Freemasons. A few years later the government outlawed all secret societies so the Illuminati was thought to be disbanded, though they have been the focus of numerous <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/the-most-widely-believed-conspiracy-theories-in-us-history/ariel-kana?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword" target="_blank">conspiracy theories</a> throughout the years. Some theories are that the Illuminati members run the world behind the scenes&nbsp;as a New World Order, some say that the Illuminati is run by shape-shifting lizard/human hybrids. In any case the debate of who is a member of the Illuminati has captured our fascination for years.

Who are famous Illuminati members? This list is a culmination of names of suspected celebrity Illuminati members from various internet sources and should not be considered definitive.

Alleged Illuminati celebs include singers, rappers, and high profile Hollywood actors. Even powerful businessmen and women are alleged to have Illuminati ties along with other world leaders, and business people in leadership positions (even entire companies are alleged to have Illuminati ties). Angelina Jolie and Jay Z are just a few examples of alleged Illuminati members.&nbsp; Rihanna is another of the rumored prominent members of Illuminati.&nbsp;

Read on for more information about stars who are rumored to be a part of the Illuminati.&nbsp;

<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-have-been-knighted/celebrity-lists?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">List of Famous Knights</a> of Columbus Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights of Columbus are a fraternal, Catholic service organization that was founded in 1882. They follow the principles of Charity, Unity, Fraternity and Patriotism. The Knights of Columbus gave over $158 million in charitable donations in 2011 alone and they offer their members the benefit of a professional life insurance policy.Who is the most famous Knights of Columbus member? Former President John F. Kennedy tops our list. Kennedy joined the Knights of Columbus in 1946, the same year that he was elected to Congress. The Knights of Columbus offer a scholarship to Catholic students in his honor. Other notable politicians that are also members of the Knights of Columbus include Ted Kennedy, John Boehner and Jeb Bush.Many famous individuals from the world of sports are also Knights of Columbus members. Former <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-chicago-bears-coaches-of-all-time/ranker-nfl?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Chicago Bears coach</a> Mike Ditka, boxer Floyd Patterson and baseball legend Babe Ruth are all members. Of course, many prominent figures from the Catholic church are also members of the Knights of Columbus including William Cardinal Levada, Donald Wuerl and Fulton J. Sheen.What do you think of charitable organizations like the Knights of Columbus? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-have-been-knighted/celebrity-lists?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">List of Famous Knights</a> of Pythias Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights of Pythias is a secret society, fraternal organization that was founded in 1864. Membership is primarily white men in good health who believe in a Supreme Being. Through the years, the Knights of Pythias have had many famous and influential members.Who is the <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-knights-of-columbus-members/user-x?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">most famous Knights</a> of Pythias Member? Former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt was a valued member of the Knights of Pythias and they have named their Brooklyn Lodge in his honor. Other notable politicians that are members of the Knights of Pythias include William McKinley, Warren G. Harding and the infamous “sexter” Anthony Weiner.The Knights of Pythias contribute a great deal to charity. They take care of members in distress and give aid to victims of disasters. They also sponsor scholarship funds, blood drives and highway safety programs. The group's auxiliary organizations include the Pythian Sisters, the Pythian Sunshine Girls and the Junior Order of Princes of Syracuse. The Knights of Pythias also have a social club within their organization called the Dramatic Order of the Knights of Khorassan.What do you think of organizations like the Knights of Pythias? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Knights Templar Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights Templar was a powerful organization comprised of a wealthy Christian membership. They rose to power during the Crusades and quickly dwindled after the Holy Land was captured by Saladin's armies. The motto of the Knights Templar was “Not to us Lord, not to us, but to Your Name give the glory.” Here is a list of some of the most famous members of the Knights Templar.Who is the most famous Knights Templar member? Afonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso Henriques, tops our list. Henriques went on to become the first king of Portugal and spent most of his life at war with the Moors. Geoffroi de Charney dedicated his life to the Order of Knights Templar. He was arrested by King <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/tour-de-nesle-affair-when-king-philip-iv-castrated-knights/lisa-a-flowers?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Philip IV of France</a>, tortured until he admitted to the crimes against him and he was eventually burned at the stake.Hugue de Payens was a co-founder of the Knights Templar and became the groups first Grand Master. Hugue de Payens led the organization for almost twenty years. Robert de Craon succeeded Payens as Grand Master and was known to be a great legislator and organizer, though his military skills were lacking.What do you think of the Knights Templar and their involvement with the Crusades. Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Loyal Order of Moose Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Loyal Order of Moose is a fraternal organization that was founded in 1888 as a social club. In 1912, the Moose opened the Mooseheart school that offered orphans of LOOM members a place to live and learn. The group incorporates rituals into their initiation process and daily activities. Throughout the years many famous men have been members of the Loyal Order of Moose.Who is the most famous Loyal Order of Moose member? Former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt was chairman of the Moose's War Relief Commission in 1918. Other notable politicians who were also members of the Loyal Order of Moose include Theodore Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman and Warren G. Harding.Stars of the stage and screen can also be counted as Loyal Order of the Moose members. “It's a Wonderful Life” star James Stewart was a member of Pennsylvania Lodge 174. Actor, director, writer Charlie Chaplin was a member of the Los Angeles chapter. Bud Abbott, Lou Costello, and Erik Estrada are also members of the Loyal Order of Moose.What do you think of the Loyal Order of Moose's impressive membership? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous National Grange Members ranked by fame and popularity. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is an organization that encourages communities to work together to promote the success of the community and agriculture. The Grange was founded in 1867 at the request of Andrew Johnson who wanted to improve agriculture conditions. Over the years the National Grange have had famous members, some of whom may surprise you.Who is the most famous member of the National Grange? Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt became a member of the Grange in 1914. He described his membership stating, “For many years I have been a member of the Grange. I have felt at home in it because it embodies the fine flavor of rural living which I myself have known and loved.”It may be surprising to some that Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic is an active member of the National Grange. Novoselic is the Worthy Master of the Grays River Grange. Novoselic spoke about his feelings toward the Grange with Seattle Weekly saying, “I enjoy participation in this organization because it keeps me connected in my community. If you have the time, imagination and most importantly, energy, there are many possibilities.”What do you think of the National Grange's sense of community? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous New York Friars Club Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Friars Club is a private club in New York City whose members include popular comedians, actors and <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-female-socialites/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">New York socialites</a>. Candidates for membership must be sponsored by two current members. Who are the New York Friars Club's most famous members? Check out this list and find out who lands in the top spot.The New York Friars Club consists of some of the world's funniest comedians. Jerry Seinfeld, Robin Williams, Whoopi Goldberg, and Billy Crystal are all members of this elite organization, as well as the club's first official female member, Liza Minnelli. Jerry Lewis is the current Abbot of the Friars Club and he was the subject of the group's infamous Roast back in 1986. Johnny Carson served as Roastmaster for the event.<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-from-new-york-city/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Famous New Yorkers</a> Donald Trump, Barbara Walters and Matt Lauer are also Friars Club members. While being inspired by the Friars Club Roasts, the <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/celebrities-who-should-be-on-a-roast/loganrapp?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Comedy Central Roasts</a> are no longer associated with the group. The Friars Club still holds annual roasts, and funnyman Jack Black took the hot seat in 2013.What do you think of our list of famous New York Friars Club Members? Let us know who you think is the most interesting affiliate in the comments section.

List of Famous Order of the Buffaloes Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes is amongst the largest fraternal organizations in the United Kingdom. Although the organization was founded in 1822, the Order of the Buffaloes credit many famous individuals who predate the origin as members. The Order of the Buffaloes started as a drinking club, but quickly took influence from the Freemasons and became more of a secret society.Who is the most famous Order of the Buffaloes member. Playwright William Shakespeare tops our list. Early Buffalo literature names Shakespeare as a member along with Noah, Solomon, King Richard I and many others. The Order of the Buffaloes even named one of their lodges after the “Romeo and Juliet” scribe.&nbsp;The only woman to be credited as a Buffaloess was Elizabeth I of England. <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/royal-family-marriage-tree/setareh-janda?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Queen Elizabeth</a> was very popular during her reign as Queen and she adapted the nicknamed “Good Queen Bess.” She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn. Queen Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty.What do you think of secret societies like the Order of the Buffaloes? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Order of the Turtle Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Ancient and Honorable Order of Turtles is a drinking club for World War II pilots, who were looking for a way to relax between missions. The Turtles follow the creed “Turtles are bright eyed, bushy tailed, fearless and unafraid folk with a fighter pilot attitude. They think clean, have fun a lot, and recognize the fact that you never get any place in life worthwhile unless you stick your neck out.”Who is the most famous member of the Order of the Turtle? President John F. Kennedy confirmed his membership to the world when a reporter asked him, “Are you a turtle?” Kennedy replied with the revealing response, “I'll buy you your drink later.” The proper answer to the question, “Are you a turtle?” is actually, “You bet your sweet ass I am.”Astronauts Wally Schirra and Deke Slayton famously traded the question over worldwide broadcasts. Schirra turned off the open line radio to deliver the proper response and responded with “roger” on the main line. Slayton was a bit more bold with his answer as he openly gave the proper response on board the USS Kearsarge. Slayton's response was recalled in Tom Wolfe's famous book “The Right Stuff.”Do you think it would be fun to be in the Order of the Turtle? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Ordo Templis Orientis Members ranked by fame and popularity. Ordo Templis Orientis otherwise known as OTO is an international religious organization. Occultist and religious leader Aleister Crowley was initiated into the group in 1910 and he quickly integrated Thelma pantheons into the OTO encouraging members to &ldquo;do what thou wilt.&rdquo; Here is a list of famous Ordo Templis Orientis members.

Ordo Templis Orientis membership is private, but many followers openly speak of their beliefs. In 2013, Peaches Geldof took to twitter to declare her allegiance to the OTO and rapper Jay-Z uses OTO symbols in his Rocawear clothing line. Hova himself has even been spotted wearing a hoody with the OTO adage &ldquo;do what thou wilt&rdquo; written on it. Guitarist Jimmy Page incorporated OTO symbolism into Led Zeppelin&rsquo;s music and even purchased Aleister Crowley&#39;s house.

Many artists, film makers and musicians have taken inspiration from the Ordo Templis Orientis. Director Stanley Kubrick incorporated visuals that allude to the OTO in his final film &ldquo;Eyes Wide Shut.&rdquo; The Beatles featured an image of Aleister Crowley himself on the cover of their Sgt. Peppers album. Thelmic references can also be found throughout George Lucas&#39; &ldquo;Star Wars Trilogy.&rdquo;

What do you think makes the Ordo Templis Orientis so fascinating to so many people? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

Conspiracies

List of Famous Priory of Sion Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Priory of Sion is an organization that is the topic of many conspiracy theorists. There has been a resurgence of interest in the Priory of Sion thanks to its depiction in the Dan Brown bestseller “The Da Vinci Code.” Many famous and influential individuals are rumored to have been members of the Priory of Sion.Who is the most famous member of the Priory of Sion? You guessed it. Leonardo Da Vinci tops our list. Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo and Claude Debussy are also allegedly members of the secret society. Hugo was thought to be the Sion's Grand Master from 1844 through 1885.The history of the Priory of Sion varies amongst different writers, some of whom do not believe in its existence. The general consensus is that the Sion believed that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and he wanted her to run the church after his death. They believe that Magdalene, along with her child whom Christ fathered, went to France after Jesus' crucifixion. What do you think of the beliefs of the Priory of Sion? Do you think the organization even exists? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Rosicrucians ranked by fame and popularity. Rosicrucians are a secret society based on ancient documents that were first published in Germany. Rosicrucianism has influenced several Freemason rites including the Rectified Scottish Rite and the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. Over time, several prominent politicians and influential members of society have been associates of the Rosicrucians.Who are some of the most famous and influential Rosicrucians? George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Benjamin Franklin were all members of the secret society. The prolific writer Victor Hugo was also rumored to be a Rosicrucian. Hugo wrote brilliant novels such as “Les Miserables” and “The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.” He was a man of great principles and he decided to live in exile after Louis Napoleon established an anti-parliamentary constitution in France.Writer, activist and revolutionary Thomas Paine was also a Rosicrucian. Paine famously encouraged the patriots to declare independence from England at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno also followed the teachings of Rosicrucianism.What do you think of secret societies like the Rosicrucians? Check out this list of famous Rosicrucians and let us know what you think about secret societies in the comments section.

List of Famous Scroll and Key Members ranked by fame and popularity. Yale is home to several secret societies and the Scroll and Key society has had its fair share of famous and influential members. In their junior year, members are selected based on their achievements in any field whether academic or personal. Who is the most famous Scroll and Key member? Check out this list to find out the ranking of famous Scroll and Key members.Yale's Scroll and Key society was founded in 1842. Since then many notable figures have claimed membership. The composer Cole Porter attended Yale in 1909 and quickly became a Scroll and Key member. Porter wrote over 300 songs while attending the university. NBC anchor and former host of Dateline Stone Phillips is also a member of the secret society.The Scroll and Key society have many traditions that are past down year after year. At the close of their sessions, members have been known to sing on the front steps of their hall. Members also sign their letters “yours in truth” and they hold annual events called “Z.S.”What do you think of Yale's Scroll and Key society? Check out this list of members and share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Secret Societies ranked by fame and notoriety. A secret society is an exclusive group or club that keeps many of its rituals, activities and membership secret from the general public. Secret societies are regularly based upon the membership's shared beliefs in politics, religion and society. Universities are home to some of the most famous confidential clubs.Which is the most famous secret society? Yale University's undergraduate club Skull and Bones tops our list. <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/skull-and-bones-secret-society-facts/jacob-shelton?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Skull and Bones members</a> have been known to steal keepsakes from other Yale societies and they are believed to be in possession of the skulls of Martin Van Buren, Geronimo and Pancho Villa. The Skull and Bones club are the topic of many conspiracy theories that associate them with the Illuminati and the C.I.A.The Illuminati are also one of the best known secret societies. Though their existence and membership is top secret, the Illuminati are credited with masterminding world events and planting members in powerful positions to create the New World Order. George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Jay-Z are all suspected members of the Illuminati.What do you think about secret societies? Are they secretly controlling world events? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat, and many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy.
Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and Yale Law School. He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975. After graduating, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the Attorney General of Arkansas, serving from 1977 to 1979. As Governor of Arkansas, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in 1992, defeating incumbent Republican opponent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he became the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation.
Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement but failed to pass his plan for national health care reform. In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party won unified control of the Congress for the first time in 40 years. In 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second full term. He passed welfare reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, as well as financial deregulation measures, including the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000. In 1998, Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury and obstruction of justice following allegations that he committed perjury and obstructed justice to conceal an affair that he had with Monica Lewinsky, a 22-year old White House Intern. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in 1999 and completed his term in office. He is only the second U.S. president—following Andrew Johnson 131 years earlier—to ever be impeached. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus, the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, signed the Iraq Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam Hussein, participated in the 2000 Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted the Northern Ireland peace process.
Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U.S. president since World War II, and has continually scored high in the historical rankings of U.S. presidents, consistently placing in the top third. Since leaving office, he has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes such as the prevention of AIDS and global warming. He has remained active in politics by campaigning for Democratic candidates, including the presidential campaigns of his wife and Barack Obama. In 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, he was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, he teamed with George W. Bush to form the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. In addition, he secured the release of two American journalists imprisoned by North Korea, visiting the capital Pyongyang and negotiating their release with then-North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.

David Cameron

David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Witney from 2001 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016. He identifies as a one-nation conservative, and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies.
Born in London to an upper-middle-class family, Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School, Eton College, and Brasenose College, Oxford. From 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department, assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major, before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994. Becoming an MP in 2001, he served in the opposition shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard, and succeeded Howard in 2005. Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives, embracing an increasingly socially liberal position. The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats – the youngest holder of the office since the 1810s. His premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the late-2000s financial crisis; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through austerity measures. His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare, immigration policy, education, and healthcare. It privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets, and legalised same-sex marriage in Great Britain.
Internationally, his government intervened militarily in the Libyan Civil War and later authorised the bombing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant; domestically, his government oversaw the referendum on voting reform and Scottish independence referendum, both of which confirmed Cameron's favoured outcome. When the Conservatives secured an unexpected majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister, this time leading a Conservative-only government. To fulfil a manifesto pledge, he introduced a referendum on the UK's continuing membership of the EU. Cameron supported continued membership; following the success of the Leave vote, he resigned to make way for a new Prime Minister and was succeeded by Theresa May.Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdom's national deficit. Conversely, he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, and has been accused of elitism and political opportunism.

Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III  (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, author, philanthropist, and humanitarian. He is best known as the principal founder of Microsoft Corporation. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, CEO and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014.
Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates launched Microsoft with Paul Allen in 1975; it went on to become the world's largest personal computer software company. Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000, but he remained chairman and became chief software architect. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the private charitable foundation that he and his wife, Melinda Gates, established in 2000. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie. He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella.Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. He has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive. This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings.Since 1987, Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people, an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. From 1995 to 2017, he held the Forbes title of the richest person in the world all but four of those years, and held it consistently from March 2014 to July 2017, with an estimated net worth of US$89.9 billion as of October 2017. However, on July 27, 2017, and since October 27, 2017, he has been surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who had an estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion at the time. As of August 6, 2018, Gates had a net worth of $95.4 billion, making him the second-richest person in the world, behind Bezos.
Later in his career and since leaving Microsoft, Gates pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors. He donated large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, reported to be the world's largest private charity. In 2009, Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge, whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy. The foundation works to save lives and improve global health, and is working with Rotary International to eliminate polio.

Charles, Prince of Wales

Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952, and is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held that title since 1958.Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, which his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, had attended as a child, as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons: Prince William (b. 1982)—later to become Duke of Cambridge—and Prince Harry (b. 1984)—later to become Duke of Sussex. In 1996, the couple divorced following well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties. Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris the following year. In 2005, Charles married long-time partner Camilla Parker Bowles.
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen and the Commonwealth realms. Charles founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors The Prince's Charities, and is a patron, president and a member of over 400 other charities and organisations. As an environmentalist, he raises awareness of organic farming and climate change which has earned him awards and recognition from environmental groups. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and his views on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings have received considerable attention from British architects and design critics. Since 1993, Charles has worked on the creation of Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his preferences. He is also an author and co-author of a number of books.

Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974. Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the Electoral College.
Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law School. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve, serving from 1942 to 1946; he left as a lieutenant commander. Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. He served in this capacity for 25 years, the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment by President Richard Nixon. After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974, Ford immediately assumed the presidency. His 895 day-long presidency is the shortest in U.S. history for any president who did not die in office.
As president, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter.
Following his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. His moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died at home on December 26, 2006.

Jeff Bezos

Jeffrey Preston Bezos (; né Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is an American technology entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder, CEO, and president of Amazon.com, Inc.
Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and raised in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Princeton University in 1986 with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. He founded Amazon in late 1994 on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle. The company began as an online bookstore and has since expanded to a wide variety of other e-commerce products and services, including video and audio streaming, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. It is currently the world's largest online sales company, the largest internet company by revenue, as well as the world's largest provider of AI assistance and cloud infrastructure services via its Amazon Web Services arm.
Bezos added to his business interests when he founded the aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company Blue Origin in 2000. A Blue Origin test flight successfully first reached space in 2015, and the company has plans to begin commercial suborbital human spaceflight in 2019. He purchased major American daily newspaper The Washington Post in 2013 for US$250 million in cash, and manages other business investments through his venture capital fund, Bezos Expeditions.
On July 27, 2017, Bezos momentarily became the world's wealthiest person when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by Forbes on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. The first centi-billionaire on the Forbes wealth index, he was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018. In September 2018, Forbes described Bezos as "far richer than anyone else on the planet" as he added $1.8 billion to his worth when Amazon's market cap briefly reached $1 trillion.

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher,  (née Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her "The 'Iron Lady'", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies known as Thatcherism.
She studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, and worked briefly as a research chemist, before becoming a barrister. Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his Conservative government. In 1975, Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition, the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She became Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election.
Thatcher introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high unemployment and Britain's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an ongoing recession. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Thatcher's popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment, until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her decisive re-election in 1983. She survived an assassination attempt in the Brighton hotel bombing in 1984.
Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her subsequent support for the Community Charge ("poll tax") was widely unpopular, and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership. After retiring from the Commons in 1992, she was given a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher (of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire) which entitled her to sit in the House of Lords. In 2013, she died of a stroke at the Ritz Hotel in London, at the age of 87.
Although a controversial figure in British politics, she is nonetheless viewed favourably in historical rankings of British prime ministers. Her tenure constituted a realignment towards neoliberal policies in the United Kingdom and debate over the complicated legacy of Thatcherism persists into the 21st century.

Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (; born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat. She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, the second person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American Secretary of State, as well as the second African-American Secretary of State (after Colin Powell), and the second female Secretary of State (after Madeleine Albright). Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position.
Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and grew up while the South was racially segregated. She obtained her bachelor's degree from the University of Denver and her master's degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame. In 1981 she received a PhD from the School of International Studies at the University of Denver. She worked at the State Department under the Carter administration and pursued an academic fellowship at Stanford University, where she later served as provost from 1993 to 1999. Rice served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and Eastern Europe Affairs Advisor to President George H. W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification from 1989 to 1991. On December 17, 2000, she left her position and joined the Bush administration as National Security Advisor. In Bush's second term, she became Secretary of State.
Following her confirmation as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered the policy of Transformational Diplomacy directed toward expanding the number of responsible democratic governments in the world and especially in the Greater Middle East. That policy faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestinian elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with U.S. support. She has logged more miles traveling than any other Secretary of State. While in the position, she chaired the Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.In March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution. In September 2010, she became a faculty member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and the Economy.She is on the Board of Directors of Dropbox and Makena Capital Management, LLC.

John Edwards

Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American lawyer and former politician who served as a U.S. Senator from North Carolina. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004, and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and 2008.
Edwards defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolina's 1998 Senate election. Towards the end of his single six-year term, he sought the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2004 presidential election. He eventually became the 2004 Democratic candidate for vice president, the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts.
Following Kerry's loss to incumbent President George W. Bush, Edwards began working full-time at the One America Committee, a political action committee he established in 2001, and was appointed director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law. He was also a consultant for Fortress Investment Group LLC.
Following his 2008 campaign, Edwards was indicted by a federal grand jury on June 3, 2011 on six felony charges of violating multiple federal campaign contribution laws to cover up an extramarital affair to which he admitted. Edwards was found not guilty on one count, and the judge declared a mistrial on the remaining five charges, as the jury was unable to come to an agreement. The Justice Department dropped the remaining charges and did not attempt to retry Edwards. Edwards was not convicted of a crime, but the revelation that he engaged in an extramarital affair and fathered a child while his wife, Elizabeth, was dying of cancer gravely damaged his public image and ended his career in politics.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, 10 June 1921), is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
Philip was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was born in Greece, but his family was exiled from the country when he was an infant. After being educated in France, Germany and the United Kingdom, he joined the British Royal Navy in 1939, aged 18. From July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he served with distinction in the Mediterranean and Pacific Fleets.
After the war, Philip was granted permission by George VI to marry Elizabeth. Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, he abandoned his Greek and Danish royal titles and became a naturalised British subject, adopting the surname Mountbatten from his maternal grandparents. He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth became queen in 1952, having reached the rank of commander, and was formally made a British prince in 1957.
Philip and Elizabeth have four children: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. Through a British Order in Council issued in 1960, descendants of the couple not bearing royal styles and titles can use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor, which has also been used by some members of the royal family who do hold titles, such as Princess Anne and Princes Andrew and Edward.
A keen sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He is a patron, president or member of over 780 organisations and serves as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award for people aged 14 to 24. He is the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the oldest ever male member of the British royal family. Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, at the age of 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements since 1952.

Henry Kissinger

Henry Alfred Kissinger (; German: [ˈkɪsɪŋɐ]; born Heinz Alfred Kissinger; May 27, 1923) is an American politician, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany with his family in 1938, he became National Security Advisor in 1969 and U.S. Secretary of State in 1973. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, with two members of the committee resigning in protest. Kissinger later sought, unsuccessfully, to return the prize after the ceasefire failed.A practitioner of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, engaged in what became known as shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Kissinger has also been associated with such controversial policies as U.S. involvement in the 1973 Chilean military coup, a "green light" to Argentina's military junta for their Dirty War, and U.S. support for Pakistan during the Bangladesh War despite the genocide being perpetrated by his allies. After leaving government, he formed Kissinger Associates, an international geopolitical consulting firm. Kissinger has written over one dozen books on diplomatic history and international relations.
Kissinger remains widely regarded as a controversial figure in American politics, and has been condemned as a war criminal by journalists, political activists, and human rights lawyers. According to a 2014 survey by Foreign Policy magazine 32.21% of "America's top International Relations scholars" considered Henry Kissinger the most effective U.S. Secretary of State since 1965.

Colin Powell

Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American politician and retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first, and so far the only, Jamaican American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first black person to serve in that position.Powell was born in New York City in 1937 and was raised in the South Bronx. His parents, Luther and Maud Powell, immigrated to the United States from Jamaica. Powell was educated in the New York City public schools, graduating from the City College of New York (CCNY), where he earned a bachelor's degree in geology. He also participated in ROTC at CCNY and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1958. His further academic achievements include a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University.Powell was a professional soldier for 35 years, during which time he held very many command and staff positions and rose to the rank of 4-star General.  His last assignment, from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest military position in the Department of Defense. During this time, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.  He also formulated the Powell Doctrine.Following his military retirement, Powell wrote his best-selling autobiography, My American Journey. In addition, he pursued a career as a public speaker, addressing audiences across the country and abroad. Prior to his appointment as Secretary of State, Powell was the chairman of America's Promise – The Alliance for Youth, a national nonprofit organization dedicated to mobilizing people from every sector of American life to build the character and competence of young people. He was nominated by President Bush on December 16, 2000, as Secretary of State. After being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, he was sworn in as the 65th Secretary of State on January 20, 2001.Powell is the recipient of numerous U.S. and foreign military awards and decorations. Powell's civilian awards include two Presidential Medal of Freedom, the President's Citizens Medal, the Congressional Gold Medal, the Secretary of State Distinguished Service Medal, and the Secretary of Energy Distinguished Service Medal. Several schools and other institutions have been named in his honor and he holds honorary degrees from universities and colleges across the country. Powell is married to the former Alma Vivian Johnson of Birmingham, Alabama. The Powell family includes son Michael (ex-chairman of the Federal Communications Commission); daughters Linda and Anne; daughter-in-law Jane; and grandsons Jeffrey and Bryan.In 2016, while not a candidate for that year's election, Powell received three electoral votes for the office of President of the United States.

Lester B. Pearson

Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson  (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian scholar, statesman, soldier, prime minister, and diplomat, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. He was the 14th prime minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968, as the head of two back-to-back Liberal minority governments following elections in 1963 and 1965.
During Pearson's time as prime minister, his Liberal minority governments introduced universal health care, student loans, the Canada Pension Plan, the Order of Canada, and the Maple Leaf flag. His Liberal government also unified Canada's armed forces. Pearson convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and he kept Canada out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, his government passed Bill C-168, which de facto abolished capital punishment in Canada by restricting it to a few capital offences for which it was never used, and which themselves were abolished in 1976. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, Pearson is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest Canadian Prime Ministers.

Timothy Geithner

Timothy Franz Geithner (; born August 18, 1961) is a former American central banker who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Barack Obama, from 2009 to 2013. He was the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2003 to 2009, following service in the Clinton administration. Since March 2014, he has served as president and managing director of Warburg Pincus, a private equity firm headquartered in New York City.As President of the New York Fed and Secretary of the Treasury, Geithner had a key role in government efforts to recover from the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the Great Recession. At the New York Fed, Geithner helped manage crises involving Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, and the American International Group; as Treasury Secretary, he oversaw allocation of $350 billion under the Troubled Asset Relief Program, enacted during the previous administration in response to the subprime mortgage crisis. Geithner also managed the administration's efforts to restructure regulation of the nation's financial system; attempts to spur recovery of the mortgage market and the automobile industry; demands for protectionism; tax reform; and negotiations with foreign governments on global finance issues.

Rick Perry

James Richard "Rick" Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician who is the 14th and current United States Secretary of Energy, serving in the Cabinet of Donald Trump. Prior to becoming Secretary of Energy, Perry served as the 47th Governor of Texas from December 2000 to January 2015. Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and assumed the governorship in December 2000 when Governor George W. Bush resigned to become president. Perry is the longest-serving governor in Texas history.
Perry was elected governor of Texas three times and is the fourth governor of Texas (after Allan Shivers, Price Daniel and John Connally) to have served three or more terms. At the time he left office, Perry had held office longer than every other then-current U.S. governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa. Perry ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for president in 2012 and 2016.
President Donald Trump nominated Perry as Secretary of Energy. On March 2, 2017, Perry was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote.



George Stephanopoulos

George Robert Stephanopoulos (; born February 10, 1961) is an American television host, political commentator, and former Democratic adviser. Stephanopoulos currently is chief anchor and political correspondent on ABC News, coanchor with Robin Roberts on Good Morning America, and host of This Week, ABC's Sunday morning current events news program. Stephanopoulos also serves as a regular substitute anchor on ABC World News Tonight.
Before his career as a journalist, Stephanopoulos was an adviser to the Democratic Party.  He rose to early prominence as a communications director for the 1992 presidential campaign of Bill Clinton and subsequently became White House communications director. He was later senior adviser for policy and strategy, before departing in December 1996.

Lawrence Summers

Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist, former Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1991–93), senior U.S. Treasury Department official throughout President Clinton's administration (ultimately Treasury Secretary, 1999–2001), and former director of the National Economic Council for President Obama (2009–2010). He is a former president of Harvard University (2001–2006), where he is currently (as of March, 2017) a professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard University in 1983. He left Harvard in 1991, working as the Chief Economist at the World Bank from 1991 to 1993. In 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs of the United States Department of the Treasury under the Clinton Administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long-time political mentor Robert Rubin. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as Secretary of the Treasury. While working for the Clinton administration Summers played a leading role in the American response to the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the Russian financial crisis. He was also influential in the Harvard Institute for International Development and American-advised privatization of the economies of the post-Soviet states, and in the deregulation of the U.S financial system, including the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act.
Following the end of Clinton's term, Summers served as the 27th President of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006. Summers resigned as Harvard's president in the wake of a no-confidence vote by Harvard faculty, which resulted in large part from Summers's conflict with Cornel West, financial conflict of interest questions regarding his relationship with Andrei Shleifer, and a 2005 speech in which he suggested that the under-representation of women in science and engineering could be due to a "different availability of aptitude at the high end", and less to patterns of discrimination and socialization. Remarking upon political correctness in institutions of higher education, Summers said in 2016:

There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.

After his departure from Harvard, Summers worked as a managing partner at the hedge fund D. E. Shaw & Co., and as a freelance speaker at other financial institutions, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers. Summers rejoined public service during the Obama administration, serving as the Director of the White House United States National Economic Council for President Barack Obama from January 2009 until November 2010, where he emerged as a key economic decision-maker in the Obama administration's response to the Great Recession. After his departure from the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked in the private sector and as a columnist in major newspapers. In mid-2013, his name was widely floated as the potential successor to Ben Bernanke as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, though Obama eventually nominated Federal Reserve Vice-Chairwoman Janet Yellen for the position. As of 2017, Summers retains his Harvard University status as former president emeritus and Charles W. Eliot University Professor.

Gordon Campbell

Gordon Muir Campbell,  (born January 12, 1948) is a retired Canadian diplomat and politician who was the 35th mayor of Vancouver from 1986 to 1993 and the 34th premier of British Columbia from 2001 to 2011.  He was the leader of the British Columbia Liberal Party from 1993 to 2011. From 2011 to 2016, he was Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Canada's representative to the Ismaili Imamat from 2014 to 2016.

Kathleen Sebelius

Kathleen Sebelius (; née Gilligan; born May 15, 1948) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014. Previously, she was the 44th Governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009, the second woman to hold that office. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Sebelius was the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address and is chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association (she was its first female chair). On April 10, 2014, Sebelius announced her resignation as Secretary of Health and Human Services. She is CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC.

Carl Bildt

Nils Daniel Carl Bildt (born 15 July 1949) is a Swedish politician and diplomat who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1991 to 1994. He was the leader of the Moderate Party from 1986 to 1999. Bildt served as Sweden's Minister for Foreign Affairs from October 2006 to October 2014.
He had been noted internationally as a mediator in the Yugoslav wars, serving as the European Union's Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia from June 1995, co-chairman of the Dayton Peace Conference in November 1995 and High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina from December 1995 to June 1997, immediately after the Bosnian War. From 1999 to 2001, he served as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for the Balkans.

Paul Volcker

Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (; born September 5, 1927) is an American economist. He was Chairman of the Federal Reserve under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan from August 1979 to August 1987. He is widely credited with ending the high levels of inflation seen in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s. He was the chairman of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama from February 2009 until January 2011.

Gordon Brown

James Gordon Brown  (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1997 to 2007. Brown was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1983 to 2015, first for Dunfermline East and later for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.
A doctoral graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Brown spent his early career working as both a lecturer at a further education college and a television journalist. He entered Parliament in 1983 as the MP for Dunfermline East. He joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1989 as Shadow Secretary of State for Trade, and was later promoted to become Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1992. After Labour's victory in 1997, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, becoming the longest-serving holder of that office in modern history.
Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's monetary and fiscal policy architecture, transferring interest rate setting powers to the Bank of England, by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by transferring responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority. Controversial moves included the abolition of advance corporation tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10% "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999. In 2007, Tony Blair resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Leader and Brown was chosen to replace him in an uncontested election.
After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009. A year later, Labour lost 91 seats in the House of Commons at the 2010 general election, the party's biggest loss of seats in a single general election since 1931, making the Conservatives the largest party in a hung parliament. Brown remained in office as Labour negotiated to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. On 10 May 2010, Brown announced he would stand down as leader of the Labour Party, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader. Labour's attempts to retain power failed and on 11 May, he officially resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by David Cameron, and as Leader of the Labour Party by Ed Miliband.
Later, Brown played a prominent role in the campaign to maintain the union during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.

Harald V of Norway

Harald V (Norwegian: [ˈhɑrɑl]; born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway, having ascended to the throne upon the death of his father King Olav V on 17 January 1991.
Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the line of succession at the time of his birth, behind his father. In 1940, as a result of the German occupation during World War II, the royal family went into exile. Harald spent part of his childhood in Sweden and the United States. He returned to Norway in 1945, and subsequently studied for periods at the University of Oslo, the Norwegian Military Academy and Balliol College, Oxford.
In 1957, following the death of his grandfather, Haakon VII, Harald became crown prince. A keen sportsman, he represented Norway in sailing at the 1964, 1968, and 1972 Olympic Games, and later became patron of World Sailing. Harald married Sonja Haraldsen in 1968, their relationship having initially being controversial due to her status as a commoner. The couple had two children, Märtha Louise and Haakon. Harald succeeded his father as king in 1991, with Haakon becoming his heir apparent.

John Kerry

John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1985 until 2013. He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent George W. Bush.
Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado, and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization, in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he described United States war policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes.
After receiving a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked as an Assistant District Attorney in Massachusetts. He served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair. Kerry was reelected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. On October 11, 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President "to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein," but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war.In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, U.S. Senator from North Carolina John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013. Kerry retained the position until the end of Obama's second term on January 20, 2017.

Sandy Berger

Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was a political consultant who served as the United States National Security Advisor for President Bill Clinton from March 14, 1997, until January 20, 2001. Before that he served as the Deputy National Security Advisor for the Clinton Administration from January 20, 1993, until March 14, 1997.
In 2005, he was fined and sentenced to two years of probation plus community service for unauthorized removal of classified material from the National Archives.  He gave up his license to practice law.

List of Famous Bilderberg Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Bilderberg Group is an annual conference comprised of prominent members of politics and ...