Ranker

Anime Underground

Button Mash

Graveyard Shift

Total Nerd

Unspeakable Times

Weird History

Weird Nature

Weirdly Interesting

Sports

Music

Entertainment

Living

Culture

Food

Makeup

Halloween

Thanksgiving

Holidays

Watchworthy

HBO Max

Lists of famous members of historical clubs and secret societies in the US and around the world.

Secret Societies

From the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/what-is-the-illuminati/mike-rothschild" target="_blank">Illuminati</a> to the Freemasons, and the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/knights-templar-theories/morgan-deane&nbsp;" target="_blank">Knights Templar</a> to the <a href="https://www.ranker.com/list/facts-about-the-knights-of-malta/jacob-shelton&nbsp;" target="_blank">Knights of Malta</a>, historical secret societies have long been the stuff of&nbsp;world-domination rumors. But what are the best secret societies to join? That really depends&nbsp;on what you're looking for from your clandestine organization.&nbsp;As for how to join a secret society and make money, you'll have to figure that one out for yourself.Did the Knights Templar really join an occult society? Were the Sons of Liberty actually behind the Boston Tea Party? And what about how to become Illuminati? These secret societies from history have been alleged to pull the world's strings from behind the scenes, from the mysterious Flat Hat Club to the violent Molly Maguires.&nbsp;

Politics

List of Famous Bilderberg Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Bilderberg Group is an annual conference comprised of prominent members of politics and society from North America and Europe. The mission of the Bilderberg group is to encourage dialogue about current trends and world issues. Enjoy this list of famous Bilderberg members.Who are the most famous Bilderberg Members? Bill Clinton and Bill Gates top our list. Clinton attended the conference when he was Governor of Arkansas in 1991 and Gates attended in 2010. Bilderberg meetings are actually rather casually run. They do not have an agenda and they encourage informal discussions about major issues that face the world. No votes or resolutions are made and members are encouraged to listen and gather insights.Other members of the Bilderberg group include Prince Charles, who attended in 1986 and his father Prince Philip who attended in 1965 and 1967. The original Bilderberg conference was held in Oosterbeek, Netherlands in 1954 and Royalty from the Netherlands, Belgium and Norway regularly attend the event. The 2013 conference was held in the United Kingdom.What do you think of the Bilderberg Group's casual approach to international discussions? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Elks Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, better known as the Elks, is one of the largest fraternal orders in the United States. Founded in 1868, the Elks require members to have a belief in God, good moral character, American citizenship and be over 21 in age. Through the years, the Elks have had quite a few famous members including actors, athletes and politicians. Enjoy this list of famous elks members.Who are some of the most famous Elks members? President John F. Kennedy is at the top of our list. Other presidential Elks members include Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry Truman. Some <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/most-influential-athletes-of-all-time/ranker-sports?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">famous sports figures</a> also made our list. Popular Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi, golf legend Bobby Jones and MLB Hall-of-Famer Mickey Mantle are all members of the fraternal order of Elks.A couple of Oscar-winners also rank high on our list of famous Elks members. Actor/Director Ben Affleck and Actor/<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/movies-and-films-directed-by-clint-eastwood/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Director Clint Eastwood</a> both are current members of the Elks. Funny man Jack Benny and Western actor Will Rogers are also card carrying members.What do you think of all these famous Elks members? Check out the list and let us know who you think is the most famous Elks member in the comments section.

Clubs

List of Famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Fraternal Order of Eagles is an international organization that was founded in 1898 in Seattle. Their membership originally comprised primarily of individuals involved in the performing arts, but politicians have been quite active in recent years. The Fraternal Order of Eagles claim responsibility for creating the Mother's Day holiday in the United States.Who is the most famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Member? Former two term President Ronald Reagan tops our list. Other notable politicians who were also members include John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jimmy Carter, Warren G. Harding and more. The Fraternal Order of Eagles were big supporters of the Social Security Act becoming enacted in 1935.Country music superstar Billy Ray Cyrus is an active member of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. Back in 2008, Cyrus presented a $60,000 donation to Vanderbilt Eskind Diabetes Clinic on behalf of the Order. Cyrus went out of his way to visit the Children's Hospital and even brought his daughter Miley along to cheer up the children.What do you think of organizations like the Fraternal Order of Eagles? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Freemasons ranked by fame and popularity. The Freemasons is a fraternal organization that has lodges all over the world. The Freemasons use rituals and symbols to emphasize moral and ethical lessons. To become a member, individuals must petition a lodge, allow an investigation of their character and then be voted in by a secret ballot election. Check out this list to find out some of the most famous celebrity Freemasons throughout history and today.

Who is the most famous Freemason? Comedian Richard Pryor tops our list. Pryor joined the Freemasons in 1981 by joining the Henry Brown Lodge No. 22 in Peoria, Illinois. Other notable Freemasons include funny man Don Rickles and actors like John Wayne, who are also members of this illustrious group.

Several U.S. Presidents are also members of the Freemasons. George Washington went as far as reaching the impressive title of master Mason. Founding father Benjamin Franklin was a grand master and edited and published the first American Mason book back in 1734. Benedict Arnold was also a prominent member of the Freemasons until his membership was revoked due to his treason in the American Revolutionary War.

What do you think of this list of famous Freemasons?

Spellbook

List of Famous Golden Dawn Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was a magical order that studied and practiced the occult. Wicca and Thelma are both influenced by the beliefs of the Golden Dawn. The organization is open to women and men, but holds similar initiations to that of Masonic Lodges. Here is a list of famous Golden Dawn members.Who is the most famous Golden Dawn Member? Thelma founder Aleister Crowley tops our list. Crowley, who later became famous for his involvement with the Ordo Templis Orientis, was close friends with Golden Dawn co-founder Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. The Irish poet and Nobel Prize winner William Butler Yeats was very involved in the early days of the Golden Dawn, but he resigned after conflict infiltrated the group.Author Bram Stoker was believed to be a member of the Golden Dawn due to his interest in the supernatural, as well as his friendship with many Golden Dawn members. Irish actress Florence Farr was very involved in the group and even became Chief Adept after co-founder William Wynn Westcott left the organization.What do you think about the Golden Dawn's interest in the occult? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

This is a list of all famous Illuminati members, past and present. . . allegedly. Everyone mentioned on this list is rumored to have talked about the Illuminati, used their symbology or practiced Illuminati rituals in some way&ndash; whether privately or in the public eye. These possible famous Illuminati members range from world leaders to pop culture celebrities.

The Illuminati was founded in 1776 in Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt. It was initially created to house the <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/greatest-minds-of-all-time/walter-graves?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword" target="_blank">great thinkers</a> of the area and was modeled after another secret society, the Freemasons. A few years later the government outlawed all secret societies so the Illuminati was thought to be disbanded, though they have been the focus of numerous <a href="http://www.ranker.com/list/the-most-widely-believed-conspiracy-theories-in-us-history/ariel-kana?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword" target="_blank">conspiracy theories</a> throughout the years. Some theories are that the Illuminati members run the world behind the scenes&nbsp;as a New World Order, some say that the Illuminati is run by shape-shifting lizard/human hybrids. In any case the debate of who is a member of the Illuminati has captured our fascination for years.

Who are famous Illuminati members? This list is a culmination of names of suspected celebrity Illuminati members from various internet sources and should not be considered definitive.

Alleged Illuminati celebs include singers, rappers, and high profile Hollywood actors. Even powerful businessmen and women are alleged to have Illuminati ties along with other world leaders, and business people in leadership positions (even entire companies are alleged to have Illuminati ties). Angelina Jolie and Jay Z are just a few examples of alleged Illuminati members.&nbsp; Rihanna is another of the rumored prominent members of Illuminati.&nbsp;

Read on for more information about stars who are rumored to be a part of the Illuminati.&nbsp;

<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-have-been-knighted/celebrity-lists?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">List of Famous Knights</a> of Columbus Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights of Columbus are a fraternal, Catholic service organization that was founded in 1882. They follow the principles of Charity, Unity, Fraternity and Patriotism. The Knights of Columbus gave over $158 million in charitable donations in 2011 alone and they offer their members the benefit of a professional life insurance policy.Who is the most famous Knights of Columbus member? Former President John F. Kennedy tops our list. Kennedy joined the Knights of Columbus in 1946, the same year that he was elected to Congress. The Knights of Columbus offer a scholarship to Catholic students in his honor. Other notable politicians that are also members of the Knights of Columbus include Ted Kennedy, John Boehner and Jeb Bush.Many famous individuals from the world of sports are also Knights of Columbus members. Former <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/best-chicago-bears-coaches-of-all-time/ranker-nfl?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Chicago Bears coach</a> Mike Ditka, boxer Floyd Patterson and baseball legend Babe Ruth are all members. Of course, many prominent figures from the Catholic church are also members of the Knights of Columbus including William Cardinal Levada, Donald Wuerl and Fulton J. Sheen.What do you think of charitable organizations like the Knights of Columbus? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-have-been-knighted/celebrity-lists?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">List of Famous Knights</a> of Pythias Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights of Pythias is a secret society, fraternal organization that was founded in 1864. Membership is primarily white men in good health who believe in a Supreme Being. Through the years, the Knights of Pythias have had many famous and influential members.Who is the <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-knights-of-columbus-members/user-x?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">most famous Knights</a> of Pythias Member? Former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt was a valued member of the Knights of Pythias and they have named their Brooklyn Lodge in his honor. Other notable politicians that are members of the Knights of Pythias include William McKinley, Warren G. Harding and the infamous “sexter” Anthony Weiner.The Knights of Pythias contribute a great deal to charity. They take care of members in distress and give aid to victims of disasters. They also sponsor scholarship funds, blood drives and highway safety programs. The group's auxiliary organizations include the Pythian Sisters, the Pythian Sunshine Girls and the Junior Order of Princes of Syracuse. The Knights of Pythias also have a social club within their organization called the Dramatic Order of the Knights of Khorassan.What do you think of organizations like the Knights of Pythias? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Knights Templar Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Knights Templar was a powerful organization comprised of a wealthy Christian membership. They rose to power during the Crusades and quickly dwindled after the Holy Land was captured by Saladin's armies. The motto of the Knights Templar was “Not to us Lord, not to us, but to Your Name give the glory.” Here is a list of some of the most famous members of the Knights Templar.Who is the most famous Knights Templar member? Afonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso Henriques, tops our list. Henriques went on to become the first king of Portugal and spent most of his life at war with the Moors. Geoffroi de Charney dedicated his life to the Order of Knights Templar. He was arrested by King <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/tour-de-nesle-affair-when-king-philip-iv-castrated-knights/lisa-a-flowers?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Philip IV of France</a>, tortured until he admitted to the crimes against him and he was eventually burned at the stake.Hugue de Payens was a co-founder of the Knights Templar and became the groups first Grand Master. Hugue de Payens led the organization for almost twenty years. Robert de Craon succeeded Payens as Grand Master and was known to be a great legislator and organizer, though his military skills were lacking.What do you think of the Knights Templar and their involvement with the Crusades. Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Loyal Order of Moose Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Loyal Order of Moose is a fraternal organization that was founded in 1888 as a social club. In 1912, the Moose opened the Mooseheart school that offered orphans of LOOM members a place to live and learn. The group incorporates rituals into their initiation process and daily activities. Throughout the years many famous men have been members of the Loyal Order of Moose.Who is the most famous Loyal Order of Moose member? Former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt was chairman of the Moose's War Relief Commission in 1918. Other notable politicians who were also members of the Loyal Order of Moose include Theodore Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman and Warren G. Harding.Stars of the stage and screen can also be counted as Loyal Order of the Moose members. “It's a Wonderful Life” star James Stewart was a member of Pennsylvania Lodge 174. Actor, director, writer Charlie Chaplin was a member of the Los Angeles chapter. Bud Abbott, Lou Costello, and Erik Estrada are also members of the Loyal Order of Moose.What do you think of the Loyal Order of Moose's impressive membership? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous National Grange Members ranked by fame and popularity. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is an organization that encourages communities to work together to promote the success of the community and agriculture. The Grange was founded in 1867 at the request of Andrew Johnson who wanted to improve agriculture conditions. Over the years the National Grange have had famous members, some of whom may surprise you.Who is the most famous member of the National Grange? Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt tops our list. Roosevelt became a member of the Grange in 1914. He described his membership stating, “For many years I have been a member of the Grange. I have felt at home in it because it embodies the fine flavor of rural living which I myself have known and loved.”It may be surprising to some that Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic is an active member of the National Grange. Novoselic is the Worthy Master of the Grays River Grange. Novoselic spoke about his feelings toward the Grange with Seattle Weekly saying, “I enjoy participation in this organization because it keeps me connected in my community. If you have the time, imagination and most importantly, energy, there are many possibilities.”What do you think of the National Grange's sense of community? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous New York Friars Club Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Friars Club is a private club in New York City whose members include popular comedians, actors and <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-female-socialites/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">New York socialites</a>. Candidates for membership must be sponsored by two current members. Who are the New York Friars Club's most famous members? Check out this list and find out who lands in the top spot.The New York Friars Club consists of some of the world's funniest comedians. Jerry Seinfeld, Robin Williams, Whoopi Goldberg, and Billy Crystal are all members of this elite organization, as well as the club's first official female member, Liza Minnelli. Jerry Lewis is the current Abbot of the Friars Club and he was the subject of the group's infamous Roast back in 1986. Johnny Carson served as Roastmaster for the event.<a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-from-new-york-city/reference?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Famous New Yorkers</a> Donald Trump, Barbara Walters and Matt Lauer are also Friars Club members. While being inspired by the Friars Club Roasts, the <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/celebrities-who-should-be-on-a-roast/loganrapp?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Comedy Central Roasts</a> are no longer associated with the group. The Friars Club still holds annual roasts, and funnyman Jack Black took the hot seat in 2013.What do you think of our list of famous New York Friars Club Members? Let us know who you think is the most interesting affiliate in the comments section.

List of Famous Order of the Buffaloes Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes is amongst the largest fraternal organizations in the United Kingdom. Although the organization was founded in 1822, the Order of the Buffaloes credit many famous individuals who predate the origin as members. The Order of the Buffaloes started as a drinking club, but quickly took influence from the Freemasons and became more of a secret society.Who is the most famous Order of the Buffaloes member. Playwright William Shakespeare tops our list. Early Buffalo literature names Shakespeare as a member along with Noah, Solomon, King Richard I and many others. The Order of the Buffaloes even named one of their lodges after the “Romeo and Juliet” scribe.&nbsp;The only woman to be credited as a Buffaloess was Elizabeth I of England. <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/royal-family-marriage-tree/setareh-janda?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Queen Elizabeth</a> was very popular during her reign as Queen and she adapted the nicknamed “Good Queen Bess.” She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn. Queen Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty.What do you think of secret societies like the Order of the Buffaloes? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Order of the Turtle Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Ancient and Honorable Order of Turtles is a drinking club for World War II pilots, who were looking for a way to relax between missions. The Turtles follow the creed “Turtles are bright eyed, bushy tailed, fearless and unafraid folk with a fighter pilot attitude. They think clean, have fun a lot, and recognize the fact that you never get any place in life worthwhile unless you stick your neck out.”Who is the most famous member of the Order of the Turtle? President John F. Kennedy confirmed his membership to the world when a reporter asked him, “Are you a turtle?” Kennedy replied with the revealing response, “I'll buy you your drink later.” The proper answer to the question, “Are you a turtle?” is actually, “You bet your sweet ass I am.”Astronauts Wally Schirra and Deke Slayton famously traded the question over worldwide broadcasts. Schirra turned off the open line radio to deliver the proper response and responded with “roger” on the main line. Slayton was a bit more bold with his answer as he openly gave the proper response on board the USS Kearsarge. Slayton's response was recalled in Tom Wolfe's famous book “The Right Stuff.”Do you think it would be fun to be in the Order of the Turtle? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Ordo Templis Orientis Members ranked by fame and popularity. Ordo Templis Orientis otherwise known as OTO is an international religious organization. Occultist and religious leader Aleister Crowley was initiated into the group in 1910 and he quickly integrated Thelma pantheons into the OTO encouraging members to &ldquo;do what thou wilt.&rdquo; Here is a list of famous Ordo Templis Orientis members.

Ordo Templis Orientis membership is private, but many followers openly speak of their beliefs. In 2013, Peaches Geldof took to twitter to declare her allegiance to the OTO and rapper Jay-Z uses OTO symbols in his Rocawear clothing line. Hova himself has even been spotted wearing a hoody with the OTO adage &ldquo;do what thou wilt&rdquo; written on it. Guitarist Jimmy Page incorporated OTO symbolism into Led Zeppelin&rsquo;s music and even purchased Aleister Crowley&#39;s house.

Many artists, film makers and musicians have taken inspiration from the Ordo Templis Orientis. Director Stanley Kubrick incorporated visuals that allude to the OTO in his final film &ldquo;Eyes Wide Shut.&rdquo; The Beatles featured an image of Aleister Crowley himself on the cover of their Sgt. Peppers album. Thelmic references can also be found throughout George Lucas&#39; &ldquo;Star Wars Trilogy.&rdquo;

What do you think makes the Ordo Templis Orientis so fascinating to so many people? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

Conspiracies

List of Famous Priory of Sion Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Priory of Sion is an organization that is the topic of many conspiracy theorists. There has been a resurgence of interest in the Priory of Sion thanks to its depiction in the Dan Brown bestseller “The Da Vinci Code.” Many famous and influential individuals are rumored to have been members of the Priory of Sion.Who is the most famous member of the Priory of Sion? You guessed it. Leonardo Da Vinci tops our list. Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo and Claude Debussy are also allegedly members of the secret society. Hugo was thought to be the Sion's Grand Master from 1844 through 1885.The history of the Priory of Sion varies amongst different writers, some of whom do not believe in its existence. The general consensus is that the Sion believed that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and he wanted her to run the church after his death. They believe that Magdalene, along with her child whom Christ fathered, went to France after Jesus' crucifixion. What do you think of the beliefs of the Priory of Sion? Do you think the organization even exists? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Rosicrucians ranked by fame and popularity. Rosicrucians are a secret society based on ancient documents that were first published in Germany. Rosicrucianism has influenced several Freemason rites including the Rectified Scottish Rite and the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. Over time, several prominent politicians and influential members of society have been associates of the Rosicrucians.Who are some of the most famous and influential Rosicrucians? George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Benjamin Franklin were all members of the secret society. The prolific writer Victor Hugo was also rumored to be a Rosicrucian. Hugo wrote brilliant novels such as “Les Miserables” and “The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.” He was a man of great principles and he decided to live in exile after Louis Napoleon established an anti-parliamentary constitution in France.Writer, activist and revolutionary Thomas Paine was also a Rosicrucian. Paine famously encouraged the patriots to declare independence from England at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno also followed the teachings of Rosicrucianism.What do you think of secret societies like the Rosicrucians? Check out this list of famous Rosicrucians and let us know what you think about secret societies in the comments section.

List of Famous Scroll and Key Members ranked by fame and popularity. Yale is home to several secret societies and the Scroll and Key society has had its fair share of famous and influential members. In their junior year, members are selected based on their achievements in any field whether academic or personal. Who is the most famous Scroll and Key member? Check out this list to find out the ranking of famous Scroll and Key members.Yale's Scroll and Key society was founded in 1842. Since then many notable figures have claimed membership. The composer Cole Porter attended Yale in 1909 and quickly became a Scroll and Key member. Porter wrote over 300 songs while attending the university. NBC anchor and former host of Dateline Stone Phillips is also a member of the secret society.The Scroll and Key society have many traditions that are past down year after year. At the close of their sessions, members have been known to sing on the front steps of their hall. Members also sign their letters “yours in truth” and they hold annual events called “Z.S.”What do you think of Yale's Scroll and Key society? Check out this list of members and share your thoughts in the comments section.

List of Famous Secret Societies ranked by fame and notoriety. A secret society is an exclusive group or club that keeps many of its rituals, activities and membership secret from the general public. Secret societies are regularly based upon the membership's shared beliefs in politics, religion and society. Universities are home to some of the most famous confidential clubs.Which is the most famous secret society? Yale University's undergraduate club Skull and Bones tops our list. <a class="edS-cl" href="https://www.ranker.com/list/skull-and-bones-secret-society-facts/jacob-shelton?ref=internalCrossLinking_keyword">Skull and Bones members</a> have been known to steal keepsakes from other Yale societies and they are believed to be in possession of the skulls of Martin Van Buren, Geronimo and Pancho Villa. The Skull and Bones club are the topic of many conspiracy theories that associate them with the Illuminati and the C.I.A.The Illuminati are also one of the best known secret societies. Though their existence and membership is top secret, the Illuminati are credited with masterminding world events and planting members in powerful positions to create the New World Order. George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Jay-Z are all suspected members of the Illuminati.What do you think about secret societies? Are they secretly controlling world events? Share your thoughts in the comments section.

Exclusive Clubs & Societies

pageType

safe_grapeshot

dietAds_a

exclude_RLblocks

ticker_exclude

site_wide_RL_exclude

longtail_search

scale_cleanup

srch

cb_exclusive-clubs-and-societies

no_amp

Famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Members List

Famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Members

Best People Lists, Top 10 People- Find any People List at Ranker

Person

People

Famous People List: The Top People Lists and Top 10s

people

Xavier Freeman

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975.
Reagan was raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois. He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations. After moving to California in 1937, he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions. Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild—the labor union for actors—where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories. Reagan had been a Democrat until 1962, when he became a conservative and switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagan's speech, "A Time for Choosing", supported Barry Goldwater's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman. Building a network of supporters, he was elected governor of California in 1966. As governor, Reagan raised taxes, turned a state budget deficit to a surplus, challenged the protesters at the University of California, ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969, and was re-elected in 1970. He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination, in 1968 and 1976. Four years later in 1980, he won the nomination and then defeated incumbent president  Jimmy Carter. At 69 years, 349 days of age at the time of his first inauguration, Reagan was the oldest person to have been elected to a first term, until Donald Trump (aged 70 years, 220 days) in 2017. Reagan is still, however, the oldest president elected, at 73 years, 349 days of age at his second inauguration. Reagan faced former vice president Walter Mondale when he ran for re-election in 1984, and defeated him, winning the most electoral votes of any U.S. president, 525, or 97.6% of the 538 votes in the Electoral College. This was the second-most lopsided presidential election in modern U.S. history after Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 victory over Alfred M. Landon, in which he won 98.5% or 523 of the (then-total) 531 electoral votes.Soon after taking office, Reagan began implementing sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth, economic deregulation, and reduction in government spending. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. Over his two terms, the economy saw a reduction of inflation from 12.5% to 4.4%, and an average annual growth of real GDP of 3.4%. Reagan enacted cuts in domestic discretionary spending, cut taxes, and increased military spending which contributed to increased federal outlays overall, even after adjustment for inflation. Foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, the Iran–Iraq War, and the Iran–Contra affair. In June 1987, four years after he publicly described the Soviet Union as an "evil empire", Reagan challenged Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!", during a speech at the Brandenburg Gate. He transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback by escalating an arms race with the USSR while engaging in talks with Gorbachev. The talks culminated in the INF Treaty, which shrank both countries' nuclear arsenals. Reagan began his presidency during the decline of the Soviet Union, and the Berlin Wall fell just ten months after the end of his term. Germany reunified the following year, and on December 26, 1991 (nearly three years after he left office), the Soviet Union collapsed.
When Reagan left office in 1989, he held an approval rating of 68%, matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and later Bill Clinton, as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era. He was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms, after a succession of five prior presidents did not. Although he had planned an active post-presidency, Reagan disclosed in November 1994 that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier that year. Afterward, his informal public appearances became more infrequent as the disease progressed. He died at home on June 5, 2004. His tenure constituted a realignment toward conservative policies in the United States, and he is an icon among conservatives. Evaluations of his presidency among historians and the general public place him among the upper tier of American presidents.

John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by initials JFK and Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president.
Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in 1940, before joining the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service. After the war, Kennedy represented the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In the 1960 presidential election, he narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president.
Kennedy's administration included high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam. In April 1961, he authorized a vain attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Kennedy authorized the Cuban Project in November 1961. He rejected Operation Northwoods (plans for false flag attacks to gain approval for a war against Cuba) in March 1962, however his administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting period of tensions, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis, nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict. Domestically, Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and the continuation of the Apollo space program, and supported the Civil Rights Movement, but was only somewhat successful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies.
On November 22, 1963, he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson assumed the presidency upon Kennedy's death. Marxist Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the state crime, but he was shot to death by Jack Ruby two days later. The FBI and the Warren Commission both concluded Oswald had acted alone in the assassination, but various groups contested the Warren Report and believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the Civil Rights Act and the Revenue Act of 1964. Kennedy ranks highly in polls of U.S. presidents with historians and the general public. His personal life has also been the focus of considerable interest, following revelations of his chronic health ailments and extramarital affairs.

Bob Hope

Leslie Townes Hope, KBE, KC*SG, KSS (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), known professionally as Bob  Hope, was an American stand-up comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, and author. With a career that spanned nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in more than 70 short and feature films, with 54 feature films with Hope as star, including a series of seven "Road" musical comedy movies with Bing Crosby as Hope's top-billed partner.
In addition to hosting the Academy Awards show 19 times, more than any other host, he appeared in many stage productions and television roles, and was the author of 14 books. The song "Thanks for the Memory" was his signature tune. Hope was born in the Eltham district of southeast London, UK, arrived in the United States of America with his family at the age of four, and grew up in the Cleveland, Ohio, area.
After a brief career as a boxer in the late 1910s, he began his career in show business in the early 1920s, initially as a comedian and dancer on the vaudeville circuit, before acting on Broadway. Hope began appearing on radio and in films starting in 1934. He was praised for his comedic timing, specializing in one-liners and rapid-fire delivery of jokes which often were self-deprecating. He helped establish modern American stand-up comedy.Celebrated for his long career performing in United Service Organizations (USO) shows to entertain active duty American military personnel, making 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991, Hope was declared an honorary veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces in 1997 by an act of the United States Congress. He appeared in numerous specials for NBC television starting in 1950, and was one of the first users of cue cards.
Hope participated in the sports of golf and boxing and owned a small stake in his hometown baseball team, the Cleveland Indians. Hope retired in 1997, and died at the age of 100 in 2003, at his home in the Toluca Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, ; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in office. He is rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but has also been subject to substantial criticism.
Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York to a Dutch American family made well known by the reputation of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, and William Henry Aspinwall. FDR attended Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School, and went on to practice law in New York City. In 1905, he married his fifth cousin once removed, Eleanor Roosevelt. They had six children, of whom five survived into adulthood. He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910, and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox's running mate on the Democratic Party's 1920 national ticket, but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding. In 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness, believed at the time to be polio, and his legs became permanently paralyzed. While attempting to recover from his condition, Roosevelt founded the treatment center in Warm Springs, Georgia, for people with poliomyelitis. In spite of being unable to walk unaided, Roosevelt returned to public office by winning election as Governor of New York in 1928. He was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform Governor, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States at the time.
In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office in the midst of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in United States History. During the first 100 days of the 73rd United States Congress, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief, recovery, and reform. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition. He harnessed radio to speak directly to the American people, giving 30 "fireside chat" radio addresses during his presidency and becoming the first American president to be televised. The economy having improved rapidly from 1933 to 1936, Roosevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936. However, the economy then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 and 1938. After the 1936 election, Roosevelt sought passage of the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 (the "court packing plan"), which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of the bill and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which, among other things, prohibited child labor and created the right to a minimum wage.
The United States reelected FDR in 1940 for his third term, making him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms. With World War II looming after 1938, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China, the United Kingdom and eventually the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, an event he famously called "a date which will live in infamy", Roosevelt obtained a congressional declaration of war on Japan, and, a few days later, on Germany and Italy. Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and implemented a Europe first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. He also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb, and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions. Roosevelt won reelection in 1944, but with his physical health declining during the war years, he died in April 1945, just 11 weeks into his fourth term. The Axis Powers surrendered to the Allies in the months following Roosevelt's death, during the presidency of his successor, Harry S. Truman.

Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and philanthropist who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. After his presidency, Carter has remained active in the private sector; in 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center.
Raised in Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy, where he served on submarines. After the death of his father in 1953, Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family's peanut-growing business. Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children. Nevertheless, his ambition to expand and grow the Carters' peanut business was fulfilled. During this period, Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement. He became an activist within the Democratic Party. From 1963 to 1967, Carter served in the Georgia State Senate, and in 1970, he was elected as Governor of Georgia, defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities. Carter remained as governor until 1975. Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign, Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. In the general election, Carter ran as an outsider and narrowly defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford. An evangelical Christian, Carter is credited with significantly moving the faith closer to the American mainstream; him advertising his devout Christian faith as a qualification on the campaign trail was unprecedented at the time and is seen as a significant event in the rise of the Christian right in America, even though they and Carter were political opponents.On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all the Vietnam War draft evaders. During Carter's term as president, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and the return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. On the economic front, he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of high inflation, high unemployment and slow growth. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In response to the invasion, Carter escalated the Cold War when he ended détente, imposed a grain embargo against the Soviets, enunciated the Carter Doctrine, and led an 1980 Summer Olympics boycott in Moscow. In 1980, Carter faced a challenge from Senator Ted Kennedy in the primaries, but he won re-nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Carter lost the general election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan in an electoral landslide. Polls of historians and political scientists usually rank Carter as an average president; he often receives more positive evaluations for his post-presidential work.
In 2012, Carter surpassed Herbert Hoover as the longest-retired president in U.S. history, in 2017 became the first president to live to the 40th anniversary of his inauguration and in 2019 became the longest-lived president; He is currently the oldest and earliest-serving of all living U.S. presidents. In 1982, he established the Carter Center to promote and expand human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter is considered a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity charity. He has written over 30 books ranging from political memoirs to poetry while continuing to actively comment on ongoing American and global affairs, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore  Roosevelt Jr. ( ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, politician, conservationist, naturalist, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He served as the 25th vice president from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. As a leader of the Republican Party, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore alongside George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. He is generally ranked in polls of historians and political scientists as one of the five best presidents.Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, but he overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle. He integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a "cowboy" persona defined by robust masculinity. He was home-schooled, and he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College. His book The Naval War of 1812 (1882) established his reputation as a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York's state legislature. His wife and his mother both died in rapid succession, and he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley, but he resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War, returning a war hero. He was elected Governor of New York in 1898. Vice President Garret Hobart died, and the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously, and the McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity, and conservation.
Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901 and assumed the presidency at age 42 following McKinley's assassination the following September. He remains the youngest person to become President of the United States. Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement, and he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. He made conservation a top priority and established many new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America where he began construction of the Panama Canal. He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States' naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. He avoided controversial tariff and money issues. He was elected to a full term in 1904 and continued to promote progressive policies, many of which were passed in Congress. He groomed his close friend William Howard Taft, and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him.
Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's conservatism and belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination. He failed, walked out, and founded the so-called "Bull Moose" Party which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. He ran in the 1912 election and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the election. Following the defeat, Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin where he nearly died of tropical disease. During World War I, he criticized President Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany, and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. He considered running for president again in 1920, but his health continued to deteriorate and he died in 1919.

Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.
Truman was elected to the United States Senate in 1934 and gained national prominence as chairman of the Truman Committee aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Soon after succeeding to the presidency he authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war. Truman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renounced isolationism. He rallied his New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election and won a surprise victory that secured his own presidential term.
Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948.  When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he gained United Nations approval for the very large policy action known as the Korean War. It saved South Korea but the Chinese intervened, driving back the UN/US forces and preventing a rollback of communism in North Korea. On domestic issues, bills endorsed by Truman faced opposition from a conservative Congress, but his administration successfully guided the U.S. economy through the post-war economic challenges. In 1948 he submitted the first comprehensive civil rights legislation and issued Executive Orders to start racial integration in the military and federal agencies.
Corruption in the Truman administration became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election. After Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower's electoral victory against Democrat Adlai Stevenson II, Truman went into a financially-difficult retirement, marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. When he left office, Truman's presidency was criticized, but scholars rehabilitated his image in the 1960s and he is highly-ranked by scholars.

Tony Stewart

Anthony Wayne Stewart (born May 20, 1971), nicknamed Smoke, is an American former professional stock car racing driver and current NASCAR team owner. He is a three-time Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champion as a driver, winning titles in 2002, 2005 and 2011. As a team owner, he has won Monster Energy Cup titles in 2011 with himself and in 2014 with Kevin Harvick as drivers. Throughout his racing career, Stewart has won racing titles in Indy, midget, sprint, and USAC Silver Crown cars. He is the only driver in history to win a championship in both IndyCar and NASCAR.
He last competed full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (now known as the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) during the 2016 season, driving the No. 14 Chevrolet SS for his own team, Stewart-Haas Racing, under crew chief Mike Bugarewicz. From 1999 to 2008, he drove the No. 20 Joe Gibbs Racing car, under crew chief Greg Zipadelli with The Home Depot as the primary sponsor. While driving for car owner Joe Gibbs, Stewart won two Cup Series championships in 2002 and 2005. In 2011, Stewart became the first owner-driver since Alan Kulwicki to win the Cup Series championship, which ended Jimmie Johnson's streak of consecutive championships at five. Stewart is the only driver to win the Cup Series championship under the old points system and the chase playoff format, and is the only driver to win the title under three different sponsorships (Winston in 2002, Nextel in 2005, and Sprint in 2011). He is also the first driver in the Cup Series to win the championship by virtue of a tie breaker (number of wins during the season is the first level tie breaker; Stewart had five while eventual runner-up Carl Edwards had one.) On May 22nd, 2019, Stewart was inducted into the NASCAR Hall Of Fame

Billy Ray Cyrus

Billy Ray Cyrus (born August 25, 1961) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. He has released 16 studio albums and 53 singles since 1992, and is known for his number one single "Achy Breaky Heart", which became the first single ever to achieve triple Platinum status in Australia. It was also the best-selling single in the same country in 1992. Due to the video of this song, the line dance gained in popularity.Cyrus, a multi-platinum selling recording artist, has scored a total of eight top-ten singles on the Billboard Country Songs chart. His most successful album to date is his debut Some Gave All, which has been certified 9× Multi-Platinum in the United States and is the longest time spent by a debut artist at number one on the Billboard 200 (17 consecutive weeks) and most consecutive chart-topping weeks in the SoundScan era. It is the only album (from any genre) in the SoundScan era to log 17 consecutive weeks at number one and is also the top-ranking debut album by a male country artist. It ranked 43 weeks in the top 10, a total topped by only one country album in history, Ropin' the Wind by Garth Brooks. Some Gave All was also the first debut album to enter at number one on the Billboard Country Albums chart. The album has also sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling debut album of all time for a solo male artist. Some Gave All was also the best-selling album of 1992 in the US with 4,832,000 copies. In his career, he has released 36 charted singles, of which 17 charted in the top 40. In 2019, Cyrus earned his first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 as a featured artist on a remix of Lil Nas X's song "Old Town Road", which has spent nineteen consecutive weeks at the top spot.From 2001 to 2004, Cyrus starred in the television show Doc. The show was about a country doctor who moved from Montana to New York City. From 2006 to 2011, he co-starred in the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana with his daughter Miley Cyrus. From 2016 to 2017, he starred as Vernon Brownmule on the CMT sitcom Still the King.

Warren G. Harding

Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular U.S. presidents to that point.  After his death a number of scandals, such as Teapot Dome, came to light, as did his extramarital affair with Nan Britton; each eroded his popular regard. He is often rated as one of the worst presidents in historical rankings.
Harding lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere. As a young man, he bought The Marion Star and built it into a successful newspaper. In 1899, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate; he spent four years there, then was elected lieutenant governor. He was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the United States Senate in 1914. He ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, and he was considered a long shot until after the convention began. The leading candidates could not gain the needed majority, and the convention deadlocked. Harding's support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot. He conducted a front porch campaign, remaining for the most part in Marion and allowing the people to come to him, and running on a theme of a return to normalcy of the pre-World War I period. He won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox and the then imprisoned Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs and became the first sitting senator to be elected president.
Harding appointed a number of well-regarded figures to his cabinet, including Andrew Mellon at Treasury, Herbert Hoover at the Department of Commerce, and Charles Evans Hughes at the State Department. A major foreign policy achievement came with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the world's major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that lasted a decade. Harding released political prisoners that had been arrested for their opposition to World War I.  His cabinet members Albert B. Fall (Interior Secretary) and Harry Daugherty (Attorney General) were each later tried for corruption in office; these and other scandals greatly damaged Harding's posthumous reputation. Harding died of a heart attack in San Francisco while on a western tour, succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge.

Earl Warren

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American politician and jurist who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (1953–1969) and earlier as the 30th Governor of California (1943–1953). The Warren Court presided over a major shift in constitutional jurisprudence, with Warren writing the majority opinions in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, Reynolds v. Sims, and Miranda v. Arizona. Warren also led the Warren Commission, a presidential commission that investigated the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He is, as of 2019, the last Chief Justice to have served in an elected office.
Warren was born in 1891 in Los Angeles and was raised in Bakersfield, California. After graduating from the law program at the University of California, Berkeley, he began a legal career in Oakland. He was hired as a deputy district attorney for Alameda County in 1920 and was appointed district attorney in 1925. He emerged as a leader of the state Republican Party and won election as the Attorney General of California in 1938. In that position, he played a role in the forced removal and internment of over 100,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. In the 1942 California gubernatorial election, Warren defeated incumbent Democratic governor Culbert Olson. He would serve as Governor of California until 1953, presiding over a period of major growth for the state.
Warren served as Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1948 presidential election, but Dewey lost the election to incumbent President Harry S. Truman. Warren sought the Republican nomination in the 1952 presidential election, but the party nominated General Dwight D. Eisenhower. After Eisenhower won election as president, he appointed Warren as Chief Justice. Warren helped arrange a unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. After Brown, the Warren Court would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations.
In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. Gideon v. Wainwright established a criminal defendant's right to an attorney in felony cases, while Miranda v. Arizona required police officers to give a warning to criminal suspects in police custody. Reynolds v. Sims established that all state legislative districts must be of roughly equal population, while the Court's holding in Wesberry v. Sanders required equal populations for congressional districts. Griswold v. Connecticut struck down a state law that restricted access to contraceptives and established a constitutional right to privacy. Warren announced his retirement in 1968, and was succeeded by conservative appellate judge Warren Burger. Though the Warren Court's rulings have received criticism from many conservatives, as well as from some other quarters, few of the Court's decisions have been overturned.

Dennis Day

Dennis Day (born Owen Patrick Eugene McNulty; May 21, 1916 – June 22, 1988) was an American singer, radio, television and film personality and comedian of Irish descent.

Joe Louis

Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, and is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. Nicknamed the "Brown Bomber", Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights. The 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles in 1950, was a challenge for Charles' heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. He was victorious in 25 consecutive title defenses. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the best heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization, and was ranked number one on The Ring magazine's list of the "100 greatest punchers of all time".Louis' cultural impact was felt well outside the ring. He is widely regarded as the first person of African-American descent to achieve the status of a nationwide hero within the United States, and was also a focal point of anti-Nazi sentiment leading up to and during World War II. He was instrumental in integrating the game of golf, breaking the sport's color barrier in America by appearing under a sponsor's exemption in a PGA event in 1952.Detroit's Joe Louis Arena, former home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League, and the Forest Preserve District of Cook County's Joe Louis "The Champ" Golf Course, situated south of Chicago in Riverdale, Illinois, are named in his honor.

Arnold Palmer

Arnold Daniel Palmer (September 10, 1929 – September 25, 2016) was an American professional golfer who is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most charismatic players in the sport's history. Dating back to 1955, he won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and the circuit now known as PGA Tour Champions. Nicknamed The King, he was one of golf's most popular stars and seen as a trailblazer, the first superstar of the sport's television age, which began in the 1950s.
Palmer's social impact on behalf of golf was perhaps unrivaled among fellow professionals; his humble background and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf from an elite, upper-class pastime (private clubs) to a more populist sport accessible to middle and working classes (public courses). Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Gary Player were "The Big Three" in golf during the 1960s; they are widely credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world.
In a career spanning more than six decades, he won 62 PGA Tour titles from 1955 to 1973. As of today, he is fifth on the Tour's all-time victory list, trailing only Sam Snead, Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, and Ben Hogan. He won seven major titles in a six-plus-year domination from the 1958 Masters to the 1964 Masters. He also won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998, and in 1974 was one of the 13 original inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States and an American law enforcement administrator. He was appointed as the director of the Bureau of Investigation – the FBI's predecessor – in 1924 and was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director for another 37 years until his death in 1972 at the age of 77. Hoover has been credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency than it was at its inception and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories.
Later in life and after his death, Hoover became a controversial figure as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface. He was found to have exceeded the jurisdiction of the FBI, and to have used the FBI to harass political dissenters and activists, to amass secret files on political leaders, and to collect evidence using illegal methods. Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of power and was in a position to intimidate and threaten others, including sitting presidents of the United States.

Johnny Longden

John Eric "Johnny" Longden (February 14, 1907 – February 14, 2003) was an American Hall of Fame jockey who was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. His father emigrated to Canada in 1909, settling in Taber, Alberta.

Art Rooney

Arthur Joseph Rooney Sr. (January 27, 1901 – August 25, 1988), often referred to as "The Chief", was the founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, an American football franchise in the National Football League (NFL), from 1933 until his death.  Rooney is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, was an Olympic qualifying boxer, and was part or whole owner in several track sport venues and Pittsburgh area pro teams.  He was the first president of the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1933 to 1974, and the first chairman of the team from 1933 to 1988.

Red Schoendienst

Albert Fred "Red" Schoendienst (; February 2, 1923 – June 6, 2018) was an American professional baseball second baseman, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB), and is largely known for his coaching, managing, and playing years with the St. Louis Cardinals. He played for 19 years with the St. Louis Cardinals (1945–1956, 1961–1963), New York Giants (1956–1957) and Milwaukee Braves (1957–1960), and was named to 10 All Star teams.  He then managed the Cardinals from 1965 through 1976 – the second-longest managerial tenure in the team's history (behind Tony La Russa).  Under his direction, St. Louis won the 1967 and 1968 National League pennants and the 1967 World Series, and he was named National League Manager of the Year in both 1967 and 1968.  He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.  At the time of his death, he had worn a Major League uniform for 74 consecutive years as a player, coach, or manager, and had served 67 of his 76 years in baseball with the Cardinals.

Roger Maris

Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball right fielder. He is best known for setting a new major league baseball single-season home run record with 61 home runs in 1961; the record remained unbroken until 1998.
Maris played in the minor leagues from 1953 to 1956, and in the major leagues from 1957 to 1968. He reached the major leagues in 1957 as a player for the Cleveland Indians. He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season, and to the New York Yankees after the 1959 season. Maris finished his playing career as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968. Maris was an American League (AL) All-Star from 1959 through 1962, an AL Most Valuable Player in 1960 and 1961, and an AL Gold Glove Award winner in 1960. Maris appeared in seven World Series; he played for Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1961 and 1962 and for a Cardinals team that won the World Series in 1967.
Maris' home run record was controversial. The previous single-season home run record (60, set by Babe Ruth in 1927) was set during a period when Major League Baseball teams played 154 games per season. Before Maris broke Ruth's record, the American League baseball season had been extended to 162 games. Maris hit his 61st home run in the very last game of the season, which led to questions about the legitimacy of his record. In 1998, Mark McGwire set a new Major League record with 70 home runs; in 2001, Barry Bonds surpassed that mark with 73. McGwire and Bonds have both been linked to performing-enhancing drugs. 
As of July 2019, Maris continued to hold the American League record for most home runs in a season.

Stan Musial

Stanley Frank Musial (; born Stanisław Franciszek Musiał; November 21, 1920 – January 19, 2013), nicknamed Stan the Man, was an American baseball outfielder and first baseman. He spent 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, from 1941 to 1944 and 1946 to 1963. Widely considered to be one of the greatest and most consistent hitters in baseball history, Musial was a first-ballot inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969, and was also selected to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 2014.
Musial batted .331 over the course of his career and set National League (NL) records for career hits (3,630), runs batted in (1,951), games played (3,026), at bats (10,972), runs scored (1,949) and doubles (725). His 475 career home runs then ranked second in NL history behind Mel Ott's total of 511. His 6,134 total bases remained a major league record until surpassed by Hank Aaron, and his hit total still ranks fourth all-time, and is the highest by any player who spent his career with only one team. A seven-time batting champion with identical totals of 1,815 hits at home and 1,815 hits on the road, he was named the National League's (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times and led St. Louis to three World Series championships. He also shares the major league record for the most All-Star Games played (24) with Hank Aaron and Willie Mays. Musial was born in Donora, Pennsylvania, where he frequently played baseball informally or in organized settings, and eventually played on the baseball team at Donora High School.
Signed to a professional contract by the St. Louis Cardinals as a pitcher in 1938, Musial had arm problems and performed erratically on the mound for two seasons. On the recommendation of minor league manager Dickie Kerr, Musial was converted into an outfielder and made his major league debut in 1941.
Noted for his unique batting stance, he quickly established himself as a consistent and productive hitter. In his first full season, 1942, the Cardinals won the World Series. The following year, he led the NL in six different offensive categories and earned his first MVP award. He was also named to the NL All-Star squad for the first time; he appeared in every All-Star game in every subsequent season he played. Musial won his second World Series championship in 1944, then missed the entire 1945 season while serving in the Navy.
After completing his military service during the war, Musial returned to baseball in 1946 and resumed his consistent hitting. That year he earned his second MVP award and third World Series title. His third MVP award came in 1948, when he finished one home run short of winning baseball's Triple Crown. After struggling offensively in 1959, Musial used a personal trainer to help maintain his productivity until he decided to retire in 1963. At the time of his retirement, he held or shared 17 major league records, 29 National League records, and nine All-Star Game records. Ironically, in 1964, the season following his retirement, the Cardinals went on to defeat the New York Yankees in an epic 7-game clash, for St. Louis' first World Series championship in nearly two decades (a team which included future Hall of Famer Lou Brock performing what would have likely been Musial's left field duties). In addition to overseeing businesses, such as a restaurant both before and after his playing career, Musial served as the Cardinals' general manager in 1967, winning the pennant and World Series, then quitting that position. He also became noted for his harmonica playing, a skill he acquired during his playing career. Known for his modesty and sportsmanship, Musial was selected for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. In February 2011, President Barack Obama presented Musial with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award that can be bestowed on a person by the United States government.

Jim Crowley

James Harold "Sleepy Jim" Crowley (September 10, 1902 – January 15, 1986) was an American football player and coach. He gained fame as one-fourth of the University of Notre Dame's legendary "Four Horsemen" backfield where he played halfback from 1922 to 1924. 
After a brief career as a professional football player, Crowley turned to coaching. He served as the head football coach at Michigan State College from 1929 to 1932, at Fordham University from 1933 to 1941 and at the North Carolina Pre-Flight School in 1942, compiling a career college football record of 86–23–11. Crowley also coached the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference in 1947. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1966.

Gordie Howe

Gordon Howe  (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA); his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings. Nicknamed Mr. Hockey, Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time. A 23-time NHL All-Star, he held many of the sport's career scoring records until they were broken in the 1980s by Wayne Gretzky, who himself has been a major champion of Howe's legacy. He continues to hold NHL records for most games and seasons played. In 2017, Howe was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players".Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946. He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in scoring each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54, then again in 1956-57 and 1962–63, for a total of six times, which is the second most in NHL history. He led the NHL in goal scoring four times. He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season (95) in 1953, a record which was broken six years later. He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHL's most valuable player. He also led the NHL in playoff points six times.
Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year. He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year, but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA. Although in his mid-40s, he scored over 100 points twice in six years, won two straight Avco World Trophies (1974 and 1975) and was named most valuable player in 1974. He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80, playing one season with the Hartford Whalers, then retired at age 52. His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success, forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets.
Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess, physical strength and career longevity, and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward. He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades (1940s through 1980s). He became the namesake of the "Gordie Howe hat trick": a goal, an assist and a fight in the same game, though he only recorded two such games in his career. He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008.

Walter Mondale

Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician, diplomat and lawyer who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A United States senator from Minnesota (1964–1976), he was the Democratic Party's nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in an Electoral College landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and District of Columbia. He became the oldest-living former U.S. vice president after the death of George H. W. Bush in 2018.
Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1951 after attending Macalester College. He then served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955. Working as a lawyer in Minneapolis, Mondale was appointed to the position of attorney general in 1960 by Governor Orville Freeman and was elected to a full term as attorney general in 1962 with 60 percent of votes cast. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphrey's election as vice president in 1964.  Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, resigning that post in 1976 as he prepared to succeed to the vice presidency in 1977. While in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities ("Church Committee").In 1976, Jimmy Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his vice presidential running mate, Bob Dole in the first televised vice presidential debate. Carter and Mondale's time in office was marred by a worsening economy and, although both were renominated by the Democratic Party, they lost the 1980 election to Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a nuclear freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes, and a reduction of U.S. public debt. His vice presidential nominee was Geraldine Ferraro, a Congresswoman from New York, who was the first female vice presidential nominee of any major party. Mondale and Ferraro lost the election to incumbent president Ronald Reagan, winning only Minnesota and the District of Columbia.
After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (1986–93). President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993; he retired in 1996. In 2002, Mondale ran for his old Senate seat, agreeing to be the last-minute replacement for Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone, who had been killed in a plane crash during the final two weeks of his re-election campaign. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race to Saint Paul mayor Norm Coleman. He then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a part-time teaching position at the University of Minnesota's Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs.

Sam Hornish, Jr.

Samuel Jon Hornish Jr. (born July 2, 1979) is an American semi-retired professional auto racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 22 Ford Mustang for Team Penske in 2017.
He began his top-tier racing career in the IndyCar Series, making his driving debut during the 2000 season for PDM Racing. Hornish began driving for Panther Racing the following season, winning eleven races and the 2001 and 2002 series championships over the next three seasons. During the 2004 season Hornish began driving for Team Penske, winning eight more races (including the 2006 Indianapolis 500) and the 2006 series championship during his time with the team. When he left the series after the 2007 season, he held the record for most career wins in the series (19, broken by Scott Dixon in 2009).
Hornish moved to Penske's NASCAR program part-time in the Xfinity Series (then known as the Busch Series) during the 2006 season, and began driving part-time in the Sprint Cup Series (then known as the Nextel Cup Series) in 2007. He raced full-time in the Sprint Cup Series the following year, struggling at first, with eight top-ten finishes over his first three seasons and a top points placing of 28th (in 2009). Hornish returned part-time to the Xfinity Series (then known as the Nationwide Series) in 2011, winning one race. He drove full-time in the series the following year, finishing fourth in points. In 2012 Hornish replaced A. J. Allmendinger (suspended by NASCAR for failing a drug test) in Penske's No. 22 car midway through the season, earning one top-five finish. The following year he returned to the Nationwide Series, winning one race and earning 16 top-five and 24 top-ten finishes to place second in points (three behind series champion Austin Dillon). Hornish drove part-time for Joe Gibbs Racing in an eight-race 2014 season, with one win and four top-five finishes. He returned to the Cup Series in 2015 with Richard Petty Motorsports, scoring three top-tens and finishing 26th in points. He returned part-time to the Xfinity Series in 2016, winning a race for JGR and finishing sixth or better in all three races he entered for Richard Childress Racing. In 2017, he returned to Penske's Xfinity program for a three-race schedule in the No. 22.

Edward J. Flanagan

Monsignor Edward Joseph Flanagan (13 July 1886 – 15 May 1948) was an Irish-born priest of the Catholic Church in the United States. He founded the orphanage known as Boys Town located in Boys Town, Douglas County, Nebraska, which now also serves as a center for troubled youth.

List of Famous Fraternal Order of Eagles Members ranked by fame and popularity. The Fraternal Order of Eagles is an international organization that was ...